diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 718c3b21..ea1d45f2 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ rootfs:
 		curl -f -L $(ROOTFS_URL)/$(ROOTFS_IMG).xz -O; \
 		xz -d $(ROOTFS_IMG).xz; \
 	fi
-	@cp $(ROOTFS_IMG) arceos/disk.img
+	@cp $(ROOTFS_IMG) make/disk.img
 
 img:
 	@echo -e "\033[33mWARN: The 'img' target is deprecated. Please use 'rootfs' instead.\033[0m"
 	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory rootfs
 
 defconfig justrun clean:
-	@make -C arceos $@
+	@$(MAKE) -C make $@
 
 build run debug disasm: defconfig
-	@make -C arceos $@
+	@$(MAKE) -C make $@
 
 # Aliases
 rv:
diff --git a/make/Makefile b/make/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8290a6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# Available arguments:
+# * General options:
+#     - `ARCH`: Target architecture: x86_64, riscv64, aarch64, loongarch64
+#     - `MYPLAT`: Package name of the target platform crate.
+#     - `PLAT_CONFIG`: Path to the platform configuration file.
+#     - `SMP`: Override maximum CPU number specified in the platform config. For
+#       statically configured platforms, this is also the number of CPUs to boot
+#       and for platforms with runtime CPU detection, this is the upper limit of
+#       CPUs.
+#     - `MODE`: Build mode: release, debug
+#     - `LOG:` Logging level: warn, error, info, debug, trace
+#     - `V`: Verbose level: (empty), 1, 2
+#     - `TARGET_DIR`: Artifact output directory (cargo target directory)
+#     - `EXTRA_CONFIG`: Extra config specification file
+#     - `OUT_CONFIG`: Final config file that takes effect
+#     - `UIMAGE`: To generate U-Boot image
+#     - `LD_SCRIPT`: Use a custom linker script file.
+# * App options:
+#     - `A` or `APP`: Path to the application
+#     - `FEATURES`: Features os ArceOS modules to be enabled.
+#     - `APP_FEATURES`: Features of (rust) apps to be enabled.
+# * QEMU options:
+#     - `BLK`: Enable storage devices (virtio-blk)
+#     - `NET`: Enable network devices (virtio-net)
+#     - `GRAPHIC`: Enable display devices and graphic output (virtio-gpu)
+#     - `BUS`: Device bus type: mmio, pci
+#     - `MEM`: Memory size (default is 128M)
+#     - `DISK_IMG`: Path to the virtual disk image
+#     - `ACCEL`: Enable hardware acceleration (KVM on linux)
+#     - `QEMU_LOG`: Enable QEMU logging (log file is "qemu.log")
+#     - `NET_DUMP`: Enable network packet dump (log file is "netdump.pcap")
+#     - `NET_DEV`: QEMU netdev backend types: user, tap, bridge
+#     - `VFIO_PCI`: PCI device address in the format "bus:dev.func" to passthrough
+#     - `VHOST`: Enable vhost-net for tap backend (only for `NET_DEV=tap`)
+# * Network options:
+#     - `IP`: ArceOS IPv4 address (default is 10.0.2.15 for QEMU user netdev)
+#     - `GW`: Gateway IPv4 address (default is 10.0.2.2 for QEMU user netdev)
+
+# General options
+ARCH ?= x86_64
+MYPLAT ?=
+PLAT_CONFIG ?=
+SMP ?=
+MODE ?= release
+LOG ?= warn
+V ?=
+DWARF ?=
+LTO ?=
+TARGET_DIR ?= $(PWD)/target
+EXTRA_CONFIG ?=
+OUT_CONFIG ?= $(PWD)/.axconfig.toml
+UIMAGE ?= n
+
+# App options
+A ?= examples/helloworld
+APP ?= $(A)
+FEATURES ?=
+APP_FEATURES ?=
+NO_AXSTD ?= n
+
+# QEMU options
+BLK ?= n
+NET ?= n
+GRAPHIC ?= n
+INPUT ?= n
+VSOCK ?= n
+BUS ?= pci
+MEM ?=
+ACCEL ?=
+ICOUNT ?= n
+QEMU_ARGS ?=
+
+DISK_IMG ?= disk.img
+QEMU_LOG ?= n
+NET_DUMP ?= n
+NET_DEV ?= user
+VFIO_PCI ?=
+VHOST ?= n
+
+# Network options
+IP ?= 10.0.2.15
+GW ?= 10.0.2.2
+
+# App type
+ifeq ($(wildcard $(APP)),)
+  $(error Application path "$(APP)" is not valid)
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(wildcard $(APP)/Cargo.toml),)
+  APP_TYPE := rust
+  AX_LIB ?= axstd
+else
+  APP_TYPE := c
+  AX_LIB ?= axlibc
+endif
+
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := all
+
+ifneq ($(filter $(or $(MAKECMDGOALS), $(.DEFAULT_GOAL)), all build disasm run justrun debug defconfig oldconfig),)
+# Install dependencies
+include deps.mk
+# Platform resolving
+include platform.mk
+# Configuration generation
+include config.mk
+# Feature parsing
+include features.mk
+endif
+
+# Target
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+  TARGET := x86_64-unknown-none
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+  TARGET := aarch64-unknown-none-softfloat
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), riscv64)
+  TARGET := riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), loongarch64)
+  TARGET := loongarch64-unknown-none-softfloat
+else
+  $(error "ARCH" must be one of "x86_64", "riscv64", "aarch64" or "loongarch64")
+endif
+
+export AX_ARCH=$(ARCH)
+export AX_PLATFORM=$(PLAT_NAME)
+export AX_MODE=$(MODE)
+export AX_LOG=$(LOG)
+export AX_TARGET=$(TARGET)
+export AX_IP=$(IP)
+export AX_GW=$(GW)
+
+ifneq ($(filter $(MAKECMDGOALS),unittest unittest_no_fail_fast clippy doc doc_check_missing),)
+  # When running unit tests or other tests unrelated to a specific platform,
+  # set `AX_CONFIG_PATH` to empty for dummy config
+  unexport AX_CONFIG_PATH
+else
+  export AX_CONFIG_PATH=$(OUT_CONFIG)
+endif
+
+# Binutils
+CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(ARCH)-linux-musl-
+CC := $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+AR := $(CROSS_COMPILE)ar
+RANLIB := $(CROSS_COMPILE)ranlib
+LD := rust-lld -flavor gnu
+
+OBJDUMP ?= rust-objdump -d --print-imm-hex --x86-asm-syntax=intel
+OBJCOPY ?= rust-objcopy --binary-architecture=$(ARCH)
+GDB ?= gdb
+
+# Paths
+OUT_DIR ?= $(APP)
+LD_SCRIPT ?= $(TARGET_DIR)/$(TARGET)/$(MODE)/linker_$(PLAT_NAME).lds
+
+APP_NAME := $(shell basename $(APP))
+OUT_ELF := $(OUT_DIR)/$(APP_NAME)_$(PLAT_NAME).elf
+OUT_BIN := $(patsubst %.elf,%.bin,$(OUT_ELF))
+OUT_UIMG := $(patsubst %.elf,%.uimg,$(OUT_ELF))
+ifeq ($(UIMAGE), y)
+  FINAL_IMG := $(OUT_UIMG)
+else
+  FINAL_IMG := $(OUT_BIN)
+endif
+
+all: build
+
+include utils.mk
+include build.mk
+include qemu.mk
+
+defconfig:
+	$(call defconfig)
+
+oldconfig:
+	$(call oldconfig)
+
+build: $(OUT_DIR) $(FINAL_IMG)
+
+disasm:
+	$(OBJDUMP) $(OUT_ELF) | less
+
+run: build justrun
+
+justrun:
+	$(call run_qemu)
+
+debug: build
+	$(call run_qemu_debug) &
+	$(GDB) $(OUT_ELF) \
+	  -ex 'target remote localhost:1234' \
+	  -ex 'b __axplat_main' \
+	  -ex 'continue' \
+	  -ex 'disp /16i $$pc'
+
+disk_img:
+ifneq ($(wildcard $(DISK_IMG)),)
+	@printf "$(YELLOW_C)warning$(END_C): disk image \"$(DISK_IMG)\" already exists!\n"
+else
+	$(call make_disk_image,fat32,$(DISK_IMG))
+endif
+
+clean: clean_c
+	rm -rf $(APP)/*.bin $(APP)/*.elf $(OUT_CONFIG)
+	cargo clean
+
+.PHONY: all defconfig oldconfig \
+	build disasm run justrun debug \
+	clippy doc doc_check_missing fmt fmt_c unittest unittest_no_fail_fast \
+	disk_img clean
diff --git a/make/build.mk b/make/build.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..167f463c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/build.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Main building script
+
+include cargo.mk
+
+ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), c)
+  include build_c.mk
+else
+  rust_package := $(shell cat $(APP)/Cargo.toml | sed -n 's/^name = "\([a-z0-9A-Z_\-]*\)"/\1/p')
+  rust_elf := $(TARGET_DIR)/$(TARGET)/$(MODE)/$(rust_package)
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(filter $(MAKECMDGOALS),doc doc_check_missing),)
+  # run `make doc`
+  $(if $(V), $(info RUSTFLAGS: "$(RUSTFLAGS)") $(info RUSTDOCFLAGS: "$(RUSTDOCFLAGS)"))
+  export RUSTFLAGS
+  export RUSTDOCFLAGS
+else ifneq ($(filter $(MAKECMDGOALS),unittest unittest_no_fail_fast),)
+  # run `make unittest`
+  $(if $(V), $(info RUSTFLAGS: "$(RUSTFLAGS)"))
+  export RUSTFLAGS
+else ifneq ($(filter $(or $(MAKECMDGOALS), $(.DEFAULT_GOAL)), all build run justrun debug),)
+  # run `make build` and other above goals
+  ifneq ($(V),)
+    $(info APP: "$(APP)")
+    $(info APP_TYPE: "$(APP_TYPE)")
+    $(info FEATURES: "$(FEATURES)")
+    $(info PLAT_CONFIG: "$(PLAT_CONFIG)")
+    $(info arceos features: "$(AX_FEAT)")
+    $(info lib features: "$(LIB_FEAT)")
+    $(info app features: "$(APP_FEAT)")
+  endif
+  ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), c)
+    $(if $(V), $(info CFLAGS: "$(CFLAGS)") $(info LDFLAGS: "$(LDFLAGS)"))
+  else ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), rust)
+    RUSTFLAGS += $(RUSTFLAGS_LINK_ARGS)
+  endif
+  ifeq ($(DWARF), y)
+    RUSTFLAGS += -C force-frame-pointers -C debuginfo=2 -C strip=none
+  endif
+  $(if $(V), $(info RUSTFLAGS: "$(RUSTFLAGS)"))
+  export RUSTFLAGS
+  ifeq ($(LTO), y)
+    export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO=true
+    export CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS=1
+  endif
+endif
+
+_cargo_build: oldconfig
+	@printf "    $(GREEN_C)Building$(END_C) App: $(APP_NAME), Arch: $(ARCH), Platform: $(PLAT_NAME), App type: $(APP_TYPE)\n"
+ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), rust)
+	$(call cargo_build,$(APP),$(AX_FEAT) $(LIB_FEAT) $(APP_FEAT))
+	@cp $(rust_elf) $(OUT_ELF)
+else ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), c)
+	$(call cargo_build,ulib/axlibc,$(AX_FEAT) $(LIB_FEAT))
+endif
+
+$(OUT_DIR):
+	$(call run_cmd,mkdir,-p $@)
+
+_dwarf: $(OUT_ELF)
+ifeq ($(DWARF), y)
+	$(call run_cmd,./dwarf.sh,$(OUT_ELF) $(OBJCOPY))
+endif
+
+$(OUT_BIN): _cargo_build $(OUT_ELF) _dwarf
+	$(call run_cmd,$(OBJCOPY),$(OUT_ELF) --strip-all -O binary $@)
+	@if [ ! -s $(OUT_BIN) ]; then \
+		echo 'Empty kernel image "$(notdir $(FINAL_IMG))" is built, please check your build configuration'; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+  uimg_arch := arm64
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), riscv64)
+  uimg_arch := riscv
+else
+  uimg_arch := $(ARCH)
+endif
+
+$(OUT_UIMG): $(OUT_BIN)
+	$(call run_cmd,mkimage,\
+		-A $(uimg_arch) -O linux -T kernel -C none \
+		-a $(subst _,,$(shell axconfig-gen "$(OUT_CONFIG)" -r plat.kernel-base-paddr)) \
+		-d $(OUT_BIN) $@)
+
+.PHONY: _cargo_build _dwarf
diff --git a/make/cargo.mk b/make/cargo.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e40a461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/cargo.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Cargo features and build args
+
+ifeq ($(V),1)
+  verbose := -v
+else ifeq ($(V),2)
+  verbose := -vv
+else
+  verbose :=
+endif
+
+build_args-release := --release
+
+build_args := \
+  -Z unstable-options \
+  --target $(TARGET) \
+  --target-dir $(TARGET_DIR) \
+  $(build_args-$(MODE)) \
+  $(verbose)
+
+RUSTFLAGS_LINK_ARGS := -C link-arg=-T$(LD_SCRIPT) -C link-arg=-no-pie -C link-arg=-znostart-stop-gc
+RUSTDOCFLAGS := -Z unstable-options --enable-index-page -D rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links
+
+ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS), doc_check_missing)
+  RUSTDOCFLAGS += -D missing-docs
+endif
+
+define cargo_build
+  $(call run_cmd,cargo -C $(1) build,$(build_args) --features "$(strip $(2))")
+endef
diff --git a/make/config.mk b/make/config.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..169ad954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/config.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Config generation
+
+config_args := \
+  defconfig.toml $(PLAT_CONFIG) $(EXTRA_CONFIG) \
+  -w 'arch="$(ARCH)"' \
+  -w 'platform="$(PLAT_NAME)"' \
+  -o "$(OUT_CONFIG)"
+
+ifneq ($(MEM),)
+  config_args += -w 'plat.phys-memory-size=$(shell ./strtosz.py $(MEM))'
+else
+  MEM := $(shell axconfig-gen $(PLAT_CONFIG) -r plat.phys-memory-size 2>/dev/null | tr -d _ | xargs printf "%dB")
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(SMP),)
+  config_args += -w 'plat.max-cpu-num=$(SMP)'
+else
+  SMP := $(shell axconfig-gen $(PLAT_CONFIG) -r plat.max-cpu-num 2>/dev/null)
+  ifeq ($(SMP),)
+    $(error "`plat.max-cpu-num` is not defined in the platform configuration file, \
+      this option must be specified even for platforms with runtime CPU detection.")
+  endif
+endif
+
+define defconfig
+  $(call run_cmd,axconfig-gen,$(config_args))
+endef
+
+ifeq ($(wildcard $(OUT_CONFIG)),)
+  define oldconfig
+    $(call defconfig)
+  endef
+else
+  define oldconfig
+    $(if $(filter "$(PLAT_NAME)",$(shell axconfig-gen "$(OUT_CONFIG)" -r platform)),\
+         $(call run_cmd,axconfig-gen,$(config_args) -c "$(OUT_CONFIG)"),\
+         $(error "ARCH" or "MYPLAT" has been changed, please run "make defconfig" again))
+  endef
+endif
diff --git a/make/defconfig.toml b/make/defconfig.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5f51411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/defconfig.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Stack size of each task.
+task-stack-size = 0x40000   # uint
+
+# Number of timer ticks per second (Hz). A timer tick may contain several timer
+# interrupts.
+ticks-per-sec = 100         # uint
diff --git a/make/deps.mk b/make/deps.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbeee115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/deps.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Necessary dependencies for the build system
+
+# Tool to parse information about the target package
+ifeq ($(shell cargo axplat --version 2>/dev/null),)
+  $(info Installing cargo-axplat...)
+  $(shell cargo install cargo-axplat)
+endif
+
+# Tool to generate platform configuration files
+ifeq ($(shell axconfig-gen --version 2>/dev/null),)
+  $(info Installing axconfig-gen...)
+  $(shell cargo install axconfig-gen)
+endif
+
+# Cargo binutils
+ifeq ($(shell cargo install --list | grep cargo-binutils),)
+  $(info Installing cargo-binutils...)
+  $(shell cargo install cargo-binutils)
+endif
diff --git a/make/dwarf.sh b/make/dwarf.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..82d5eea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/dwarf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+ELF=$1
+OBJCOPY=$2
+
+if [ -z "$ELF" ] || [ -z "$OBJCOPY" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <elf-file> <objcopy-command>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "$ELF" ]; then
+    echo "Error: ELF file '$ELF' does not exist."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+SECTIONS=(
+    debug_abbrev
+    debug_addr
+    debug_aranges
+    debug_info
+    debug_line
+    debug_line_str
+    debug_ranges
+    debug_rnglists
+    debug_str
+    debug_str_offsets
+)
+
+for section in "${SECTIONS[@]}"; do
+    $OBJCOPY $ELF --dump-section .$section=$section.bin 2> /dev/null || touch $section.bin &
+done
+wait
+$OBJCOPY $ELF --strip-debug
+
+cmd=($OBJCOPY $ELF)
+for section in "${SECTIONS[@]}"; do
+    cmd+=(--update-section $section=$section.bin)
+    cmd+=(--rename-section $section=.$section)
+done
+${cmd[@]}
+
+for section in "${SECTIONS[@]}"; do
+    rm -f $section.bin
+done
diff --git a/make/features.mk b/make/features.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83d396e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/features.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Features resolving.
+#
+# Inputs:
+#   - `FEATURES`: a list of features to be enabled split by spaces or commas.
+#     The features can be selected from the crate `axfeat` or the user library
+#     (crate `axstd` or `axlibc`).
+#   - `APP_FEATURES`: a list of features to be enabled for the Rust app.
+#
+# Outputs:
+#   - `AX_FEAT`: features to be enabled for ArceOS modules (crate `axfeat`).
+#   - `LIB_FEAT`: features to be enabled for the user library (crate `axstd`, `axlibc`).
+#   - `APP_FEAT`: features to be enabled for the Rust app.
+
+ifeq ($(APP_TYPE),c)
+  ax_feat_prefix := axfeat/
+  lib_features := fp-simd irq alloc multitask fs net fd pipe select epoll
+else
+  ifeq ($(NO_AXSTD),y)
+    ax_feat_prefix := axfeat/
+  else
+    ax_feat_prefix := axstd/
+  endif
+  lib_features :=
+endif
+
+lib_feat_prefix := $(AX_LIB)/
+
+override FEATURES := $(shell echo $(FEATURES) | tr ',' ' ')
+
+ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), c)
+  ifneq ($(wildcard $(APP)/features.txt),)    # check features.txt exists
+    override FEATURES += $(shell cat $(APP)/features.txt)
+  endif
+  ifneq ($(filter fs net pipe select epoll,$(FEATURES)),)
+    override FEATURES += fd
+  endif
+endif
+
+override FEATURES := $(strip $(FEATURES))
+
+ax_feat :=
+lib_feat :=
+
+ifneq ($(MYPLAT),)
+  ax_feat += myplat
+else
+  ax_feat += defplat
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(filter $(LOG),off error warn info debug trace),)
+  $(error "LOG" must be one of "off", "error", "warn", "info", "debug", "trace")
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(BUS),mmio)
+  ax_feat += bus-mmio
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(DWARF),y)
+  ax_feat += dwarf
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(shell test $(SMP) -gt 1; echo $$?),0)
+  lib_feat += smp
+endif
+
+ax_feat += $(filter-out $(lib_features),$(FEATURES))
+lib_feat += $(filter $(lib_features),$(FEATURES))
+
+AX_FEAT := $(strip $(addprefix $(ax_feat_prefix),$(ax_feat)))
+LIB_FEAT := $(strip $(addprefix $(lib_feat_prefix),$(lib_feat)))
+APP_FEAT := $(strip $(shell echo $(APP_FEATURES) | tr ',' ' '))
diff --git a/make/platform.mk b/make/platform.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..265c2f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/platform.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Architecture and platform resolving
+
+ifeq ($(APP_TYPE), rust)
+  cargo_manifest_dir := $(APP)
+else
+  cargo_manifest_dir := $(CURDIR)
+endif
+
+define resolve_config
+  $(if $(wildcard $(PLAT_CONFIG)),\
+    $(PLAT_CONFIG),\
+    $(shell cargo axplat info -C $(cargo_manifest_dir) -c $(PLAT_PACKAGE)))
+endef
+
+define validate_config
+  $(eval package := $(shell axconfig-gen $(PLAT_CONFIG) -r package 2>/dev/null)) \
+  $(if $(strip $(package)),,$(error PLAT_CONFIG=$(PLAT_CONFIG) is not a valid platform configuration file)) \
+  $(if $(filter "$(PLAT_PACKAGE)",$(package)),,\
+    $(error `PLAT_PACKAGE` field mismatch: expected $(PLAT_PACKAGE), got $(package)))
+endef
+
+ifeq ($(MYPLAT),)
+  # `MYPLAT` is not specified, use the default platform for each architecture
+  ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+    PLAT_PACKAGE := axplat-x86-pc
+  else ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+    PLAT_PACKAGE := axplat-aarch64-qemu-virt
+  else ifeq ($(ARCH), riscv64)
+    PLAT_PACKAGE := axplat-riscv64-qemu-virt
+  else ifeq ($(ARCH), loongarch64)
+    PLAT_PACKAGE := axplat-loongarch64-qemu-virt
+  else
+    $(error "ARCH" must be one of "x86_64", "riscv64", "aarch64" or "loongarch64")
+  endif
+  PLAT_CONFIG := $(strip $(call resolve_config))
+  # We don't need to check whether `PLAT_CONFIG` is valid here, as the `PLAT_PACKAGE`
+  # is a valid pacakage.
+
+  $(call validate_config)
+else
+  # `MYPLAT` is specified, treat it as a package name
+  PLAT_PACKAGE := $(MYPLAT)
+  PLAT_CONFIG := $(strip $(call resolve_config))
+  ifeq ($(wildcard $(PLAT_CONFIG)),)
+    $(error "MYPLAT=$(MYPLAT) is not a valid platform package name")
+  endif
+  $(call validate_config)
+
+  # Read the architecture name from the configuration file
+  _arch := $(patsubst "%",%,$(shell axconfig-gen $(PLAT_CONFIG) -r arch))
+  ifeq ($(origin ARCH),command line)
+    ifneq ($(ARCH),$(_arch))
+      $(error "ARCH=$(ARCH)" is not compatible with "MYPLAT=$(MYPLAT)")
+    endif
+  endif
+  ARCH := $(_arch)
+endif
+
+PLAT_NAME := $(patsubst "%",%,$(shell axconfig-gen $(PLAT_CONFIG) -r platform))
diff --git a/make/qemu.mk b/make/qemu.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4eb31b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/qemu.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# QEMU arguments
+
+QEMU := qemu-system-$(ARCH)
+
+ifeq ($(BUS), mmio)
+  vdev-suffix := device
+else ifeq ($(BUS), pci)
+  vdev-suffix := pci
+else
+  $(error "BUS" must be one of "mmio" or "pci")
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+  machine := q35
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), riscv64)
+  machine := virt
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+  ifeq ($(PLAT_NAME), aarch64-raspi4)
+    machine := raspi4b
+  else
+    machine := virt
+  endif
+else ifeq ($(ARCH), loongarch64)
+  machine := virt
+endif
+
+qemu_args-x86_64 := \
+  -machine $(machine) \
+  -kernel $(OUT_ELF)
+
+qemu_args-riscv64 := \
+  -machine $(machine) \
+  -bios default \
+  -kernel $(FINAL_IMG)
+
+qemu_args-aarch64 := \
+  -cpu cortex-a72 \
+  -machine $(machine) \
+  -kernel $(FINAL_IMG)
+
+qemu_args-loongarch64 := \
+  -machine $(machine) \
+  -kernel $(FINAL_IMG)
+
+qemu_args-y := -m $(MEM) -smp $(SMP) $(qemu_args-$(ARCH))
+
+qemu_args-$(BLK) += \
+  -device virtio-blk-$(vdev-suffix),drive=disk0 \
+  -drive id=disk0,if=none,format=raw,file=$(DISK_IMG)
+
+qemu_args-$(NET) += \
+  -device virtio-net-$(vdev-suffix),netdev=net0
+
+ifeq ($(NET_DEV), user)
+  qemu_args-$(NET) += -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:5555,hostfwd=udp::5555-:5555
+else ifeq ($(NET_DEV), tap)
+  qemu_args-$(NET) += -netdev tap,id=net0,script=scripts/net/qemu-ifup.sh,downscript=no,vhost=$(VHOST),vhostforce=$(VHOST)
+  QEMU := sudo $(QEMU)
+else ifeq ($(NET_DEV), bridge)
+  qemu_args-$(NET) += -netdev bridge,id=net0,br=virbr0
+  QEMU := sudo $(QEMU)
+else
+  $(error "NET_DEV" must be one of "user", "tap", or "bridge")
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(VFIO_PCI),)
+  qemu_args-y += --device vfio-pci,host=$(VFIO_PCI)
+  QEMU := sudo $(QEMU)
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(NET_DUMP), y)
+  qemu_args-$(NET) += -object filter-dump,id=dump0,netdev=net0,file=netdump.pcap
+endif
+
+qemu_args-$(GRAPHIC) += \
+  -device virtio-gpu-$(vdev-suffix) -vga none \
+  -serial mon:stdio
+
+ifeq ($(GRAPHIC), n)
+  qemu_args-y += -nographic
+endif
+
+qemu_args-$(INPUT) += \
+  -device virtio-mouse-pci -device virtio-keyboard-pci
+
+qemu_args-$(VSOCK) += \
+  -device vhost-vsock-pci,id=virtiosocket0,guest-cid=103
+
+ifeq ($(QEMU_LOG), y)
+  qemu_args-y += -D qemu.log -d in_asm,int,mmu,pcall,cpu_reset,guest_errors
+endif
+
+qemu_args-$(ICOUNT) += -icount shift=1
+
+qemu_args-y += $(QEMU_ARGS)
+
+qemu_args-debug := $(qemu_args-y) -s -S
+
+ifeq ($(ACCEL),)
+  ifneq ($(findstring -microsoft, $(shell uname -r | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')),)
+    ACCEL := n  # Don't enable kvm for WSL/WSL2
+  else ifeq ($(ARCH), x86_64)
+    ACCEL := $(if $(filter $(shell uname -m),x86_64),y,n)
+  else ifeq ($(ARCH), aarch64)
+    ACCEL := $(if $(filter $(shell uname -m),arm64 aarch64),y,n)
+  else
+    ACCEL := n
+  endif
+endif
+
+# Do not use KVM for debugging
+ifeq ($(shell uname), Darwin)
+  qemu_args-$(ACCEL) += -cpu host -accel hvf
+else ifneq ($(wildcard /dev/kvm),)
+  qemu_args-$(ACCEL) += -cpu host -accel kvm
+endif
+
+define run_qemu
+  @printf "    $(CYAN_C)Running$(END_C) on qemu...\n"
+  $(call run_cmd,$(QEMU),$(qemu_args-y))
+endef
+
+define run_qemu_debug
+  @printf "    $(CYAN_C)Debugging$(END_C) on qemu...\n"
+  $(call run_cmd,$(QEMU),$(qemu_args-debug))
+endef
diff --git a/make/strtosz.py b/make/strtosz.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..71b6ce5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/strtosz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import argparse
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser.add_argument("size", type=str, help="Input string representing size")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+size = args.size.strip().lower()
+
+if size.startswith("0x"):
+    if size[-1] != "b":
+        raise ValueError("Hexadecimal size must end with 'b' or 'B'")
+    number = int(size[:-1], 16)
+    multiplier = 1
+else:
+    # If last character is a digit, append 'm' (megabytes)
+    if size[-1].isdigit():
+        size += "m"
+
+    suffixes = {
+        "b": 0,
+        "k": 1,
+        "m": 2,
+        "g": 3,
+        "t": 4,
+        "p": 5,
+        "e": 6,
+    }
+    if size[-1] not in suffixes:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid size suffix. Use one of b, k, m, g, t, p, e")
+    multiplier = 1024 ** suffixes[size[-1]]
+    number = float(size[:-1])
+
+print(int(number * multiplier))
diff --git a/make/utils.mk b/make/utils.mk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21bac486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/make/utils.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Utility definitions and functions
+
+GREEN_C := \033[92;1m
+CYAN_C := \033[96;1m
+YELLOW_C := \033[93;1m
+GRAY_C := \033[90m
+WHITE_C := \033[37m
+END_C := \033[0m
+
+define run_cmd
+  @printf '$(WHITE_C)$(1)$(END_C) $(GRAY_C)$(2)$(END_C)\n'
+  @$(1) $(2)
+endef
+
+define make_disk_image_fat32
+  @printf "    $(GREEN_C)Creating$(END_C) FAT32 disk image \"$(1)\" ...\n"
+  @dd if=/dev/zero of=$(1) bs=1M count=64
+  @mkfs.fat -F 32 $(1)
+endef
+
+define make_disk_image
+  $(if $(filter $(1),fat32), $(call make_disk_image_fat32,$(2)))
+endef