From 7c42e6f511c863109a16d35e40666800f113a07d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey Girard <me@jmgirard.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2026 21:31:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] Print footer line for prediction intervals

---
 R/estimate_predicted.R             |  8 +++++-
 R/table_footer.R                   |  6 +++++
 tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/R/estimate_predicted.R b/R/estimate_predicted.R
index 169f42b95..320b13d35 100644
--- a/R/estimate_predicted.R
+++ b/R/estimate_predicted.R
@@ -591,12 +591,18 @@ estimate_relation <- function(
   attr(out, "coef_name") <- "Predicted"
   attr(out, "model_info") <- insight::model_info(model, response = 1)
   attr(out, "predict") <- predict
+  # for the footer, we use the type of predictions that insight actually used,
+  # because insight may change "prediction" into "expectation" for some models
+  footer_predict <- attr(predictions, "predict", exact = TRUE)
+  if (is.null(footer_predict)) {
+    footer_predict <- predict
+  }
   attr(out, "table_footer") <- .table_footer(
     out,
     by = grid_specs$at,
     type = "predictions",
     model = model,
-    info = c(grid_specs, list(predict = predict), transform = !is.null(transform))
+    info = c(grid_specs, list(predict = footer_predict), transform = !is.null(transform))
   )
 
   attributes(out) <- c(
diff --git a/R/table_footer.R b/R/table_footer.R
index e6349197f..67be341ea 100644
--- a/R/table_footer.R
+++ b/R/table_footer.R
@@ -162,6 +162,12 @@
     }
   }
 
+  # tell user about prediction intervals -------------------------------------
+
+  if (identical(type, "predictions") && identical(info$predict, "prediction")) {
+    table_footer <- paste0(table_footer, "\nIntervals are prediction intervals.")
+  }
+
   # Parameter labels for special hypothesis testing --------------------------
 
   # for special hypothesis testing, like "(b1 - b2) = (b4 - b3)", we want to
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R b/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
index 581f85bd4..8f3ba82d4 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
@@ -18,3 +18,46 @@ test_that("table_footer", {
   out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_means(m, "c172code", estimate = "average", verbose = FALSE))
   expect_length(out, 10)
 })
+
+
+test_that("table_footer, prediction intervals", {
+  pi_line <- "Intervals are prediction intervals."
+  m_lm <- lm(mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars)
+  m_glm <- glm(vs ~ wt, data = mtcars, family = binomial())
+
+  out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_prediction(m_lm, data = "grid", length = 3))
+  expect_identical(sum(out == pi_line), 1L)
+  out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_prediction(m_glm, data = "grid", length = 3))
+  expect_identical(sum(out == pi_line), 1L)
+  out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_relation(m_lm, predict = "prediction", length = 3))
+  expect_identical(sum(out == pi_line), 1L)
+
+  # no prediction intervals
+  for (m in list(m_lm, m_glm)) {
+    out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_expectation(m, data = "grid", length = 3))
+    expect_false(pi_line %in% out)
+    out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_relation(m, length = 3))
+    expect_false(pi_line %in% out)
+    out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_link(m, length = 3))
+    expect_false(pi_line %in% out)
+  }
+
+  skip_if_not_installed("lme4")
+  m_lmer <- lme4::lmer(mpg ~ wt + (1 | cyl), data = mtcars)
+  out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_prediction(m_lmer, data = "grid", length = 3))
+  expect_identical(sum(out == pi_line), 1L)
+})
+
+
+test_that("table_footer, no prediction intervals if insight falls back", {
+  skip_if_not_installed("mgcv")
+  m <- mgcv::gam(mpg ~ s(wt), data = mtcars)
+  # insight returns expectations for gam-models, even if prediction is requested
+  predict_type <- attr(
+    suppressWarnings(insight::get_predicted(m, predict = "prediction", ci = 0.95)),
+    "predict"
+  )
+  skip_if(identical(predict_type, "prediction"))
+  out <- utils::capture.output(suppressWarnings(estimate_prediction(m, data = "grid", length = 3)))
+  expect_false("Intervals are prediction intervals." %in% out)
+})

From 77e2f567299d5a0e4f9ca74319ef845d11954ade Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey Girard <me@jmgirard.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2026 21:31:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] news, version

---
 DESCRIPTION | 2 +-
 NEWS.md     | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index e14b5c72a..fddf7b278 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Type: Package
 Package: modelbased
 Title: Estimation of Model-Based Predictions, Contrasts and Means
-Version: 0.17.0.9
+Version: 0.17.0.10
 Authors@R:
     c(person(given = "Dominique",
              family = "Makowski",
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index e6e975aa5..4285ae4a2 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
 * `comparison = "ratio"` is a new shortcut to compute pairwise comparisons
   as ratios.
 
+* The printed footer of `estimate_prediction()` and similar functions now
+  names prediction intervals as such (#485).
+
 ## Bug fixes
 
 * Fixed issue in `estimate_contrasts()` with wrong assignment of estimates in

From 9c4812da6b5457c5a4cf82a72ac46504b5da6368 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey Girard <me@jmgirard.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2026 21:43:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] Keep requested predict type for the scale line

---
 R/estimate_predicted.R | 11 ++++++++---
 R/table_footer.R       |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/R/estimate_predicted.R b/R/estimate_predicted.R
index 320b13d35..37246ee3a 100644
--- a/R/estimate_predicted.R
+++ b/R/estimate_predicted.R
@@ -591,8 +591,9 @@ estimate_relation <- function(
   attr(out, "coef_name") <- "Predicted"
   attr(out, "model_info") <- insight::model_info(model, response = 1)
   attr(out, "predict") <- predict
-  # for the footer, we use the type of predictions that insight actually used,
-  # because insight may change "prediction" into "expectation" for some models
+  # for the prediction-interval line in the footer, we use the type of
+  # predictions that insight actually used, because insight may change
+  # "prediction" into "expectation" for some models
   footer_predict <- attr(predictions, "predict", exact = TRUE)
   if (is.null(footer_predict)) {
     footer_predict <- predict
@@ -602,7 +603,11 @@ estimate_relation <- function(
     by = grid_specs$at,
     type = "predictions",
     model = model,
-    info = c(grid_specs, list(predict = footer_predict), transform = !is.null(transform))
+    info = c(
+      grid_specs,
+      list(predict = predict, predict_used = footer_predict),
+      transform = !is.null(transform)
+    )
   )
 
   attributes(out) <- c(
diff --git a/R/table_footer.R b/R/table_footer.R
index 67be341ea..36f777623 100644
--- a/R/table_footer.R
+++ b/R/table_footer.R
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
 
   # tell user about prediction intervals -------------------------------------
 
-  if (identical(type, "predictions") && identical(info$predict, "prediction")) {
+  if (identical(type, "predictions") && identical(info$predict_used, "prediction")) {
     table_footer <- paste0(table_footer, "\nIntervals are prediction intervals.")
   }
 

From 0c89aeb286a5b3b95cfdb9af3bf76d1f3a1ad077 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey Girard <me@jmgirard.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2026 21:53:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] Only print prediction-interval line when intervals are
 shown

---
 R/estimate_predicted.R             | 8 +++-----
 R/table_footer.R                   | 6 +++++-
 tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R | 4 ++++
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/R/estimate_predicted.R b/R/estimate_predicted.R
index 37246ee3a..3aaa48ace 100644
--- a/R/estimate_predicted.R
+++ b/R/estimate_predicted.R
@@ -598,16 +598,14 @@ estimate_relation <- function(
   if (is.null(footer_predict)) {
     footer_predict <- predict
   }
+  footer_info <- c(grid_specs, list(predict = predict), transform = !is.null(transform))
+  footer_info$predict_used <- footer_predict
   attr(out, "table_footer") <- .table_footer(
     out,
     by = grid_specs$at,
     type = "predictions",
     model = model,
-    info = c(
-      grid_specs,
-      list(predict = predict, predict_used = footer_predict),
-      transform = !is.null(transform)
-    )
+    info = footer_info
   )
 
   attributes(out) <- c(
diff --git a/R/table_footer.R b/R/table_footer.R
index 36f777623..99bba080a 100644
--- a/R/table_footer.R
+++ b/R/table_footer.R
@@ -164,7 +164,11 @@
 
   # tell user about prediction intervals -------------------------------------
 
-  if (identical(type, "predictions") && identical(info$predict_used, "prediction")) {
+  if (
+    identical(type, "predictions") &&
+      identical(info$predict_used, "prediction") &&
+      "CI_low" %in% colnames(x)
+  ) {
     table_footer <- paste0(table_footer, "\nIntervals are prediction intervals.")
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R b/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
index 8f3ba82d4..9156b6b50 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-table_footer.R
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ test_that("table_footer, prediction intervals", {
   out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_relation(m_lm, predict = "prediction", length = 3))
   expect_identical(sum(out == pi_line), 1L)
 
+  # no intervals, no line
+  out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_prediction(m_lm, data = "grid", length = 3, ci = NULL))
+  expect_false(pi_line %in% out)
+
   # no prediction intervals
   for (m in list(m_lm, m_glm)) {
     out <- utils::capture.output(estimate_expectation(m, data = "grid", length = 3))

From aeded72fbff7cdd6177a663fa7f149a6c9445249 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeffrey Girard <me@jmgirard.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 2026 22:17:55 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] Update brms snapshots for the new footer line

---
 tests/testthat/_snaps/brms.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/brms.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/brms.md
index bf59e23fd..e96144b43 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/brms.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/brms.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
       
       Variable predicted: rt, response
       Predictions are on the response-scale.
+      Intervals are prediction intervals.
 
 ---
 
@@ -53,4 +54,5 @@
       
       Variable predicted: rt, response
       Predictions are on the response-scale.
+      Intervals are prediction intervals.