This took me 1 hour to debug: ``` [2] pry(main)> u = User.first [5] pry(main)> u.valid? => false [6] pry(main)> u.changes => {"site_id"=>[12, nil]} [7] pry(main)> ``` I was able to trace it back to here: ``` config.case_insensitive_keys = %i[email, site_id] ```