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00 - Shell & Terminal Reminder 💡

We primarily target Shell commands that allow us to easily and rapidly modify files, changes that will be grouped and tracked through Git. Hereafter is a quick cheat sheet of essential shell navigation commands and terminal text editors.

The Basics of Shell

  • Shell is the CLI for running programs on UNIX systems.
    • Runs the programs/commands and returns the output
  • Shell types: bash, sh, csh, zsh, tcsh, ..
  • Terminal: interacts with the shell
    • Just like a web browser with websites
    • Shell prompt ($): indicates that it’s ready to accept input commands

File System Navigation

  • pwd: Print Working Directory (Where am I?).
  • ls: list the contents of a directoy
    • ls -la: List all files, including hidden ones (like the .git folder).
  • cd <folder-name>: Move into a folder.
  • cd ..: Move up one level.
# List the contents of the current directory
$ ls
00-shell-reminder.md  README.md

# Show additional info from files (perms, owner, groups)
$ ls -l
-rw-rw-r-- 1 pablo pablo 2148 Oct  5 11:45 00-shell-reminder.md
-rw-rw-r-- 1 pablo pablo 2400 Oct  5 11:26 README.md

Full path to the current directory

$ pwd
/home/pablo/repos/docs/git-github-tutorial-master-datascience

$ cd ..

$ pwd
/home/pablo/repos/docs

Organizing File/Directories

  • mkdir <folder-name>: Create a new directory.
  • rmdir <folder-name>: Remove an existing empty directory.
  • rm -rf <folder-name>: Recursively remove an existing directory (incl. with content).
  • mv: moves files/dirs from one location to another (good to rename files/dirs).
  • touch: creates an empty file.
$ cd git-github-tutorial-master-datascience

$ pwd
/home/pablo/repos/docs/git-github-tutorial-master-datascience

$ ls
00-shell-reminder.md  README.md

$ touch 01-git-basico.md

$ ls
00-shell-reminder.md  01-git-basico.md  README.md

Viewing and Printing

  • cat <file-name>: reads a file and outputs its contents.
  • echo <string>: returns whatever string you type afterwards.

Command Help

  • <command> --help: provides a summary of command purpose and configuration/options.
  • man <command>: provide a comprehensive information about how to use the command.

Redirection to Files

The combination of echo and the redirection signs provides a powerful and fast way to modify files:

  • Overwrite: > (warning: this will destroy the current content of the file)
  • Append: >>
# Create or Overwrite the contents of the `intro.txt` file.
$ echo "Welcome to the Git tutorial" > intro.txt

# Appends a new line to the current content of the `intro.txt` file.
$ echo "We will learn the basics of Git" >> intro.txt

$ cat intro.txt
Welcome to the Git tutorial
We will learn the basics of Git