diff --git a/apps/editor/app/client-bootstrap.tsx b/apps/editor/app/client-bootstrap.tsx
index 821544fec6..724d6ac5ea 100644
--- a/apps/editor/app/client-bootstrap.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/app/client-bootstrap.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 // idempotent under HMR.
 import '../lib/bootstrap'
 import { type ReactNode, useEffect } from 'react'
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/lib/i18n'
 
 export function ClientBootstrap({
   children,
@@ -22,5 +23,5 @@ export function ClientBootstrap({
     if (!enableDevDiagnostics) return
     import('react-scan').then(({ scan }) => scan({ enabled: true }))
   }, [enableDevDiagnostics])
-  return children
+  return <I18nProvider>{children}</I18nProvider>
 }
diff --git a/apps/editor/app/page.tsx b/apps/editor/app/page.tsx
index c856db42d9..f427d6574f 100644
--- a/apps/editor/app/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/app/page.tsx
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   WebXRFeatureConsumer,
   WebXRFeatureRuntime,
 } from '@/components/webxr-feature-gate'
+import { useI18n } from '@/lib/i18n'
 
 // The open-source editor only ships the built-in catalog (no uploaded items),
 // so the Library/Community/Mine source chips and tag filters add nothing —
@@ -111,6 +112,11 @@ const PROJECT_ID = 'local-editor'
 
 export default function Home() {
   const webXRInstalled = useWebXRInstalled()
+  const { t, translateDisplayText } = useI18n()
+  const sidebarTabs = SIDEBAR_TABS.map((tab) => ({
+    ...tab,
+    label: translateDisplayText(tab.label),
+  }))
   return (
     <div className="relative h-screen w-screen">
       <WebXRFeatureRuntime enabled={webXRInstalled}>
@@ -120,14 +126,12 @@ export default function Home() {
               {PROJECT_ID === 'local-editor' && (
                 <div className="pointer-events-none absolute top-14 left-1/2 z-40 -translate-x-1/2">
                   <div className="pointer-events-none flex max-w-[min(92vw,42rem)] flex-wrap items-center justify-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1 rounded-full border border-border/60 bg-background/90 px-4 py-1.5 text-xs shadow-sm backdrop-blur">
-                    <span className="text-muted-foreground">
-                      Blank canvas — saved scenes are under Scenes (not this page).
-                    </span>
+                    <span className="text-muted-foreground">{t('app.blankCanvas')}</span>
                     <Link
                       className="pointer-events-auto font-medium text-foreground hover:underline"
                       href="/scenes"
                     >
-                      Open saved scenes
+                      {t('app.openScenes')}
                     </Link>
                   </div>
                 </div>
@@ -136,7 +140,8 @@ export default function Home() {
                 immersive={vr?.session ? vr.immersive : undefined}
                 layoutVersion="v2"
                 projectId={PROJECT_ID}
-                sidebarTabs={SIDEBAR_TABS}
+                sidebarTabs={sidebarTabs}
+                translateDisplayText={translateDisplayText}
                 viewerToolbarLeft={<CommunityViewerToolbarLeft />}
                 viewerToolbarRight={
                   <CommunityViewerToolbarRight
@@ -148,7 +153,7 @@ export default function Home() {
                         />
                       ) : null
                     }
-                    vrLabel="Enter VR"
+                    vrLabel={translateDisplayText('Enter VR')}
                   />
                 }
               />
diff --git a/apps/editor/app/scenes/page.tsx b/apps/editor/app/scenes/page.tsx
index 39b8dbf07a..21b01ecaa5 100644
--- a/apps/editor/app/scenes/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/app/scenes/page.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { headers } from 'next/headers'
+import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'
 import Link from 'next/link'
 import { CreateSceneButton } from '@/components/save-button'
 import type { SceneMeta } from '@/components/scene-loader'
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ function formatDate(iso: string): string {
 
 export default async function ScenesPage() {
   const scenes = await fetchScenes()
+  const locale = (await cookies()).get('pascal.locale')?.value === 'zh-CN' ? 'zh-CN' : 'en'
+  const zh = locale === 'zh-CN'
 
   return (
     <div className="min-h-screen bg-background">
@@ -53,28 +55,34 @@ export default async function ScenesPage() {
               className="text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
               href="/"
             >
-              Home
+              {zh ? '首页' : 'Home'}
             </Link>
             <span className="text-muted-foreground">/</span>
-            <span className="font-medium text-foreground">Scenes</span>
+            <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{zh ? '场景' : 'Scenes'}</span>
           </nav>
-          <CreateSceneButton />
+          <CreateSceneButton label={zh ? '新建场景' : 'Create new scene'} locale={locale} />
         </div>
       </header>
 
       <main className="container mx-auto max-w-5xl px-6 py-12">
-        <h1 className="mb-2 font-bold text-3xl">Your scenes</h1>
+        <h1 className="mb-2 font-bold text-3xl">{zh ? '我的场景' : 'Your scenes'}</h1>
         <p className="mb-8 text-muted-foreground text-sm">
           {scenes.length === 0
-            ? 'No scenes yet. Create one to get started.'
-            : `${scenes.length} scene${scenes.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}.`}
+            ? zh
+              ? '还没有场景，可以先新建一个。'
+              : 'No scenes yet. Create one to get started.'
+            : zh
+              ? `共 ${scenes.length} 个场景。`
+              : `${scenes.length} scene${scenes.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}.`}
         </p>
 
         {scenes.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="rounded-xl border border-border/60 border-dashed bg-background p-12 text-center">
-            <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">You haven&apos;t saved any scenes yet.</p>
+            <p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">
+              {zh ? '尚未保存任何场景。' : "You haven't saved any scenes yet."}
+            </p>
             <div className="mt-4 flex justify-center">
-              <CreateSceneButton />
+              <CreateSceneButton label={zh ? '新建场景' : 'Create new scene'} locale={locale} />
             </div>
           </div>
         ) : (
@@ -94,7 +102,9 @@ export default async function ScenesPage() {
                         src={scene.thumbnailUrl}
                       />
                     ) : (
-                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">No thumbnail</span>
+                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
+                        {zh ? '暂无缩略图' : 'No thumbnail'}
+                      </span>
                     )}
                   </div>
                   <div className="mt-3">
@@ -102,8 +112,12 @@ export default async function ScenesPage() {
                       {scene.name}
                     </h2>
                     <div className="mt-1 flex items-center justify-between text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                      <span>{scene.nodeCount} nodes</span>
-                      <time dateTime={scene.updatedAt}>{formatDate(scene.updatedAt)}</time>
+                      <span>{zh ? `${scene.nodeCount} 个节点` : `${scene.nodeCount} nodes`}</span>
+                      <time dateTime={scene.updatedAt}>
+                        {zh
+                          ? new Date(scene.updatedAt).toLocaleString('zh-CN')
+                          : formatDate(scene.updatedAt)}
+                      </time>
                     </div>
                   </div>
                 </Link>
diff --git a/apps/editor/components/build-tab.tsx b/apps/editor/components/build-tab.tsx
index 545d19b5d7..542a6fc987 100644
--- a/apps/editor/components/build-tab.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/components/build-tab.tsx
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import {
   MODULAR_CABINET_ICON,
 } from '@/lib/build-palette'
 import { getActiveRoofFeatureId, ROOF_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/build-tab-state'
+import { useI18n } from '@/lib/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 const subscribeToClientMount = () => () => {}
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ const subscribeToClientMount = () => () => {}
  * with the kind's own `def.defaults()`. Painting has its own rail panel.
  */
 export function BuildTab() {
+  const { translateDisplayText } = useI18n()
   const [mepOpen, setMepOpen] = useState(false)
   const activeTool = useEditor((s) => s.tool)
   const selectedId = useViewer((s) => s.selection.selectedIds[0])
@@ -178,13 +180,13 @@ export function BuildTab() {
       data-build-tool={type.id}
       iconSrc={type.iconSrc}
       key={type.id}
-      label={type.label}
+      label={translateDisplayText(type.label)}
       onClick={() => {
         triggerSFX('sfx:menu-click')
         handleTypeClick(type)
       }}
       onMouseEnter={() => triggerSFX('sfx:menu-hover')}
-      title={type.label}
+      title={translateDisplayText(type.label)}
     />
   )
   const typesIn = (section: NonNullable<BuildType['section']>) =>
diff --git a/apps/editor/components/save-button.tsx b/apps/editor/components/save-button.tsx
index bd227b83a4..cb4f341b7e 100644
--- a/apps/editor/components/save-button.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/components/save-button.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ interface SaveButtonProps {
 /**
  * Creates a new empty scene and navigates the user to it.
  */
-export function CreateSceneButton({ label = 'Create new scene' }: { label?: string } = {}) {
+export function CreateSceneButton({
+  label = 'Create new scene',
+  locale = 'en',
+}: {
+  label?: string
+  locale?: 'en' | 'zh-CN'
+} = {}) {
   const router = useRouter()
   const [isCreating, setIsCreating] = useState(false)
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ export function CreateSceneButton({ label = 'Create new scene' }: { label?: stri
         onClick={handleCreate}
         type="button"
       >
-        {isCreating ? 'Creating…' : label}
+        {isCreating ? (locale === 'zh-CN' ? '正在创建…' : 'Creating…') : label}
       </button>
     </div>
   )
diff --git a/apps/editor/components/viewer-toolbar.tsx b/apps/editor/components/viewer-toolbar.tsx
index 7822dcc800..a315c2770d 100644
--- a/apps/editor/components/viewer-toolbar.tsx
+++ b/apps/editor/components/viewer-toolbar.tsx
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import {
   EyeOff,
   Footprints,
   Grid2X2,
+  Languages,
   Layers3,
   Magnet,
   PenLine,
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ import {
 import Image from 'next/image'
 import { type ReactNode, useCallback } from 'react'
 import { flushSync } from 'react-dom'
+import { type MessageKey, useI18n } from '@/lib/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipTrigger } from './toolbar-tooltip'
 
@@ -84,7 +86,12 @@ function ToolbarTooltip({ children, label }: { children: ReactNode; label: strin
   )
 }
 
-const VIEW_MODES: { id: ViewMode; label: string; icon: React.ReactNode }[] = [
+const VIEW_MODES: {
+  id: ViewMode
+  label: string
+  labelKey?: MessageKey
+  icon: React.ReactNode
+}[] = [
   {
     id: '3d',
     label: '3D',
@@ -114,24 +121,25 @@ const VIEW_MODES: { id: ViewMode; label: string; icon: React.ReactNode }[] = [
   {
     id: 'split',
     label: 'Split',
+    labelKey: 'view.split',
     icon: <Columns2 className="h-3 w-3" />,
   },
 ]
 
 const levelModeOrder = ['stacked', 'exploded', 'solo'] as const
-const levelModeLabels: Record<string, string> = {
-  manual: 'Stack',
-  stacked: 'Stack',
-  exploded: 'Exploded',
-  solo: 'Solo',
+const levelModeLabelKeys: Record<string, MessageKey> = {
+  manual: 'view.stack',
+  stacked: 'view.stack',
+  exploded: 'view.exploded',
+  solo: 'view.solo',
 }
 
 const wallModeOrder = ['cutaway', 'up', 'down', 'translucent'] as const
-const wallModeConfig: Record<string, { icon: string; label: string }> = {
-  up: { icon: '/icons/room.webp', label: 'Full height' },
-  cutaway: { icon: '/icons/wallcut.webp', label: 'Cutaway' },
-  down: { icon: '/icons/walllow.webp', label: 'Low' },
-  translucent: { icon: '/icons/wall.webp', label: 'Translucent' },
+const wallModeConfig: Record<string, { icon: string; labelKey: MessageKey }> = {
+  up: { icon: '/icons/room.webp', labelKey: 'view.fullHeight' },
+  cutaway: { icon: '/icons/wallcut.webp', labelKey: 'view.cutaway' },
+  down: { icon: '/icons/walllow.webp', labelKey: 'view.low' },
+  translucent: { icon: '/icons/wall.webp', labelKey: 'view.translucent' },
 }
 
 const SHADING_OPTIONS = [
@@ -169,6 +177,7 @@ const FLOORPLAN_WALL_DIMENSION_REFERENCE_OPTIONS = [
 ] as const
 
 function ViewModeControl() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const viewMode = useEditor((state) => state.viewMode)
   const setViewMode = useEditor((state) => state.setViewMode)
 
@@ -176,10 +185,11 @@ function ViewModeControl() {
     <div className={TOOLBAR_CONTAINER}>
       {VIEW_MODES.map((mode) => {
         const isActive = viewMode === mode.id
+        const label = mode.labelKey ? t(mode.labelKey) : mode.label
         return (
-          <ToolbarTooltip key={mode.id} label={mode.label}>
+          <ToolbarTooltip key={mode.id} label={label}>
             <button
-              aria-label={mode.label}
+              aria-label={label}
               aria-pressed={isActive}
               className={cn(
                 'flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5 px-2.5 font-medium text-xs transition-colors',
@@ -191,7 +201,7 @@ function ViewModeControl() {
               type="button"
             >
               {mode.icon}
-              <span>{mode.label}</span>
+              <span>{label}</span>
             </button>
           </ToolbarTooltip>
         )
@@ -201,6 +211,7 @@ function ViewModeControl() {
 }
 
 function CollapseSidebarButton() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const isCollapsed = useSidebarStore((state) => state.isCollapsed)
   const setIsCollapsed = useSidebarStore((state) => state.setIsCollapsed)
 
@@ -210,9 +221,9 @@ function CollapseSidebarButton() {
 
   return (
     <div className={TOOLBAR_CONTAINER}>
-      <ToolbarTooltip label={isCollapsed ? 'Expand sidebar' : 'Collapse sidebar'}>
+      <ToolbarTooltip label={isCollapsed ? t('view.expandSidebar') : t('view.collapseSidebar')}>
         <button
-          aria-label={isCollapsed ? 'Expand sidebar' : 'Collapse sidebar'}
+          aria-label={isCollapsed ? t('view.expandSidebar') : t('view.collapseSidebar')}
           className={TOOLBAR_BTN}
           onClick={toggle}
           type="button"
@@ -229,6 +240,7 @@ function CollapseSidebarButton() {
 }
 
 function LevelModeToggle() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const levelMode = useViewer((state) => state.levelMode)
   const setLevelMode = useViewer((state) => state.setLevelMode)
   const isDefault = levelMode === 'stacked' || levelMode === 'manual'
@@ -244,7 +256,8 @@ function LevelModeToggle() {
     if (next) setLevelMode(next)
   }
 
-  const label = `Levels: ${levelMode === 'manual' ? 'Manual' : (levelModeLabels[levelMode] ?? 'Stack')}`
+  const modeLabel = t(levelModeLabelKeys[levelMode] ?? 'view.stack')
+  const label = `${t('view.levels')}: ${modeLabel}`
 
   return (
     <ToolbarTooltip label={label}>
@@ -264,13 +277,14 @@ function LevelModeToggle() {
         ) : (
           <IconifyIcon height={14} icon="charm:stack-push" width={14} />
         )}
-        <span className="font-medium text-xs">{levelModeLabels[levelMode] ?? 'Stack'}</span>
+        <span className="font-medium text-xs">{modeLabel}</span>
       </button>
     </ToolbarTooltip>
   )
 }
 
 function WallModeToggle() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const wallMode = useViewer((state) => state.wallMode)
   const setWallMode = useViewer((state) => state.setWallMode)
   const config = wallModeConfig[wallMode] ?? wallModeConfig.cutaway!
@@ -282,7 +296,7 @@ function WallModeToggle() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <ToolbarTooltip label={`Walls: ${config.label}`}>
+    <ToolbarTooltip label={`${t('view.walls')}: ${t(config.labelKey)}`}>
       <button
         className={cn(
           TOOLBAR_BTN,
@@ -295,7 +309,7 @@ function WallModeToggle() {
         type="button"
       >
         <Image alt="" className="h-4 w-4 object-contain" height={16} src={config.icon} width={16} />
-        <span className="font-medium text-xs">{config.label}</span>
+        <span className="font-medium text-xs">{t(config.labelKey)}</span>
       </button>
     </ToolbarTooltip>
   )
@@ -313,6 +327,7 @@ const EDGE_OPTIONS = [
 const SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS = 'min-w-56 rounded-xl border-border/45 bg-popover/95 backdrop-blur-xl'
 
 function DisplayMenu() {
+  const { t, translateDisplayText: td } = useI18n()
   const viewMode = useEditor((state) => state.viewMode)
   const showGrid = useViewer((state) => state.showGrid)
   const setShowGrid = useViewer((state) => state.setShowGrid)
@@ -349,6 +364,9 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
     SHADING_OPTIONS.find((option) => option.id === shading) ?? SHADING_OPTIONS[0]
   const activeEdges = EDGE_OPTIONS.find((option) => option.id === edges) ?? EDGE_OPTIONS[0]
   const activeTheme = getSceneTheme(sceneTheme)
+  const activeWallDimension = FLOORPLAN_WALL_DIMENSION_REFERENCE_OPTIONS.find(
+    (option) => option.id === wallDimensionReference,
+  )
 
   // Keep the menu open when flipping a toggle.
   const keepOpen = (event: Event, fn: () => void) => {
@@ -358,15 +376,15 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
 
   return (
     <DropdownMenu>
-      <ToolbarTooltip label="Display settings">
+      <ToolbarTooltip label={t('view.displaySettings')}>
         <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
           <button
-            aria-label="Display settings"
+            aria-label={t('view.displaySettings')}
             className={cn(TOOLBAR_BTN, 'w-auto gap-1.5 px-2.5 text-foreground/90')}
             type="button"
           >
             <SlidersHorizontal className="h-3.5 w-3.5 shrink-0" />
-            <span className="font-medium text-xs">Display</span>
+            <span className="font-medium text-xs">{t('view.display')}</span>
           </button>
         </DropdownMenuTrigger>
       </ToolbarTooltip>
@@ -378,7 +396,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
       >
         <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => setShowGrid(!showGrid))}>
           <Grid2X2 className="h-4 w-4" />
-          <span>Grid</span>
+          <span>{td('Grid')}</span>
           {showGrid ? (
             <Eye className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
           ) : (
@@ -390,7 +408,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
             onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => setShowMeasurements(!showMeasurements))}
           >
             <Ruler className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>{viewMode === 'split' ? '3D measurements' : 'Measurements'}</span>
+            <span>{td(viewMode === 'split' ? '3D measurements' : 'Measurements')}</span>
             {showMeasurements ? (
               <Eye className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
             ) : (
@@ -403,17 +421,17 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
             <DropdownMenuSub>
               <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
                 <Layers3 className="h-4 w-4" />
-                <span>Floor plan mode</span>
+                <span>{td('Floor plan mode')}</span>
                 <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                  {floorplanMode === 'default' ? 'Default' : 'Expert'}
+                  {td(floorplanMode === 'default' ? 'Default' : 'Expert')}
                 </span>
               </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
               <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
                 {FLOORPLAN_MODE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
                   <DropdownMenuItem key={option.id} onSelect={() => setFloorplanMode(option.id)}>
                     <div className="flex flex-col">
-                      <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                      <span className="text-foreground">{td(option.name)}</span>
+                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(option.detail)}</span>
                     </div>
                     {floorplanMode === option.id ? (
                       <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
@@ -427,7 +445,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                 <DropdownMenuSub>
                   <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
                     <Layers3 className="h-4 w-4" />
-                    <span>Floor plan annotations</span>
+                    <span>{td('Floor plan annotations')}</span>
                   </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
                   <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
                     {FLOORPLAN_ANNOTATION_OPTIONS.map((option) => {
@@ -441,7 +459,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                           }
                         >
                           <OptionIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
-                          <span>{option.name}</span>
+                          <span>{td(option.name)}</span>
                           {visible ? (
                             <Eye className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
                           ) : (
@@ -455,13 +473,9 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                 <DropdownMenuSub>
                   <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
                     <Ruler className="h-4 w-4" />
-                    <span>Wall dimensions</span>
+                    <span>{td('Wall dimensions')}</span>
                     <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                      {
-                        FLOORPLAN_WALL_DIMENSION_REFERENCE_OPTIONS.find(
-                          (option) => option.id === wallDimensionReference,
-                        )?.name
-                      }
+                      {activeWallDimension ? td(activeWallDimension.name) : null}
                     </span>
                   </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
                   <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
@@ -473,8 +487,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                         }
                       >
                         <div className="flex flex-col">
-                          <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                          <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                          <span className="text-foreground">{td(option.name)}</span>
+                          <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(option.detail)}</span>
                         </div>
                         {wallDimensionReference === option.id ? (
                           <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
@@ -489,15 +503,17 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         ) : null}
         <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => setMagneticSnap(!magneticSnap))}>
           <Magnet className="h-4 w-4" />
-          <span>Magnetic snap</span>
+          <span>{td('Magnetic snap')}</span>
           <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-            {magneticSnap ? 'On' : 'Off'}
+            {td(magneticSnap ? 'On' : 'Off')}
           </span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
         <DropdownMenuItem onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => setShadows(!shadows))}>
           <Contrast className="h-4 w-4" />
-          <span>Shadows</span>
-          <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{shadows ? 'On' : 'Off'}</span>
+          <span>{td('Shadows')}</span>
+          <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
+            {td(shadows ? 'On' : 'Off')}
+          </span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
         <DropdownMenuItem
           onSelect={(e) =>
@@ -511,9 +527,9 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
             icon={cameraMode === 'perspective' ? 'icon-park-outline:perspective' : 'vaadin:grid'}
             width={16}
           />
-          <span>Camera</span>
+          <span>{td('Camera')}</span>
           <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-            {cameraMode === 'perspective' ? 'Perspective' : 'Orthographic'}
+            {td(cameraMode === 'perspective' ? 'Perspective' : 'Orthographic')}
           </span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
         <DropdownMenuSub>
@@ -521,13 +537,13 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
             <span className="flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center font-semibold text-[10px]">
               {unit === 'imperial' ? 'ft' : metricNotation === 'millimeters' ? 'mm' : 'm'}
             </span>
-            <span>Units</span>
+            <span>{td('Units')}</span>
             <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
               {unit === 'imperial'
-                ? 'Feet & inches'
+                ? td('Feet & inches')
                 : metricNotation === 'millimeters'
-                  ? 'Millimeters'
-                  : 'Meters'}
+                  ? td('Millimeters')
+                  : td('Meters')}
             </span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
@@ -535,7 +551,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
               <span className="flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center font-semibold text-[10px]">
                 m
               </span>
-              <span>Meters</span>
+              <span>{td('Meters')}</span>
               {unit === 'metric' && metricNotation === 'meters' ? (
                 <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
               ) : null}
@@ -544,7 +560,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
               <span className="flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center font-semibold text-[10px]">
                 mm
               </span>
-              <span>Millimeters</span>
+              <span>{td('Millimeters')}</span>
               {unit === 'metric' && metricNotation === 'millimeters' ? (
                 <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
               ) : null}
@@ -553,7 +569,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
               <span className="flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center font-semibold text-[10px]">
                 ft
               </span>
-              <span>Feet & inches</span>
+              <span>{td('Feet & inches')}</span>
               {unit === 'imperial' ? <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" /> : null}
             </DropdownMenuItem>
           </DropdownMenuSubContent>
@@ -564,8 +580,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <activeShading.icon className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Render</span>
-            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{activeShading.name}</span>
+            <span>{td('Render')}</span>
+            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(activeShading.name)}</span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
             {SHADING_OPTIONS.map((option) => {
@@ -574,8 +590,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                 <DropdownMenuItem key={option.id} onSelect={() => setShading(option.id)}>
                   <OptionIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
                   <div className="flex flex-col">
-                    <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                    <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                    <span className="text-foreground">{td(option.name)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(option.detail)}</span>
                   </div>
                   {shading === option.id ? (
                     <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
@@ -589,15 +605,15 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <PenLine className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Edges</span>
-            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{activeEdges.name}</span>
+            <span>{td('Edges')}</span>
+            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(activeEdges.name)}</span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className={SUBMENU_CONTENT_CLASS}>
             {EDGE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
               <DropdownMenuItem key={option.id} onSelect={() => setEdges(option.id)}>
                 <div className="flex flex-col">
-                  <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                  <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                  <span className="text-foreground">{td(option.name)}</span>
+                  <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{td(option.detail)}</span>
                 </div>
                 {edges === option.id ? <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" /> : null}
               </DropdownMenuItem>
@@ -608,9 +624,9 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <SwatchBook className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Theme</span>
+            <span>{td('Theme')}</span>
             <span className="ml-auto truncate text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-              {activeTheme.name}
+              {td(activeTheme.name)}
             </span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className="min-w-48 rounded-xl border-border/45 bg-popover/95 backdrop-blur-xl">
@@ -628,7 +644,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                       <span key={`${theme.id}-${index}`} style={{ backgroundColor: color }} />
                     ))}
                   </span>
-                  <span className="text-foreground">{theme.name}</span>
+                  <span className="text-foreground">{td(theme.name)}</span>
                   {sceneTheme === theme.id ? (
                     <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
                   ) : null}
@@ -643,6 +659,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
 }
 
 function WalkthroughButton() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const isFirstPersonMode = useEditor((state) => state.isFirstPersonMode)
   const setFirstPersonMode = useEditor((state) => state.setFirstPersonMode)
   const handleClick = useCallback(() => {
@@ -656,7 +673,7 @@ function WalkthroughButton() {
   }, [isFirstPersonMode, setFirstPersonMode])
 
   return (
-    <ToolbarTooltip label="Walkthrough">
+    <ToolbarTooltip label={t('view.walkthrough')}>
       <button
         className={cn(
           TOOLBAR_BTN,
@@ -672,15 +689,35 @@ function WalkthroughButton() {
 }
 
 function PreviewButton() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   return (
-    <ToolbarTooltip label="Preview mode">
+    <ToolbarTooltip label={t('view.preview')}>
       <button
         className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-2.5 font-medium text-muted-foreground/80 text-xs transition-colors hover:bg-white/8 hover:text-foreground/90"
         onClick={() => useEditor.getState().setPreviewMode(true)}
         type="button"
       >
         <Eye className="h-3.5 w-3.5 shrink-0" />
-        <span>Preview</span>
+        <span>{t('view.preview')}</span>
+      </button>
+    </ToolbarTooltip>
+  )
+}
+
+function LocaleButton() {
+  const { locale, setLocale, t } = useI18n()
+  const nextLocale = locale === 'zh-CN' ? 'en' : 'zh-CN'
+  const label = locale === 'zh-CN' ? t('locale.switchToEnglish') : t('locale.switchToChinese')
+
+  return (
+    <ToolbarTooltip label={label}>
+      <button
+        aria-label={label}
+        className={TOOLBAR_BTN}
+        onClick={() => setLocale(nextLocale)}
+        type="button"
+      >
+        <Languages className="h-4 w-4" />
       </button>
     </ToolbarTooltip>
   )
@@ -745,6 +782,7 @@ export function CommunityViewerToolbarRight({
       <div className="my-1.5 w-px bg-border/50" />
       <DisplayMenu />
       <div className="my-1.5 w-px bg-border/50" />
+      <LocaleButton />
       <WalkthroughButton />
       {onVRToggle || vrButton
         ? (vrButton ??
diff --git a/apps/editor/lib/build-tab-state.ts b/apps/editor/lib/build-tab-state.ts
index 812a60b5ec..42cfaeb426 100644
--- a/apps/editor/lib/build-tab-state.ts
+++ b/apps/editor/lib/build-tab-state.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { RoofType } from '@pascal-app/core'
+import type { MessageKey } from '@/lib/i18n'
 
 export type RoofFeatureIdentity = {
   id: string
@@ -30,15 +31,19 @@ export function getRoofFootprintSource(roofType: RoofType, value: unknown): Roof
     : sources[0].value
 }
 
-export const ROOF_TYPE_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<{ label: string; value: RoofType }> = [
-  { label: 'Hip', value: 'hip' },
-  { label: 'Gable', value: 'gable' },
-  { label: 'Shed', value: 'shed' },
-  { label: 'Flat', value: 'flat' },
-  { label: 'Gambrel', value: 'gambrel' },
-  { label: 'Dutch', value: 'dutch' },
-  { label: 'Mansard', value: 'mansard' },
-  { label: 'Conical', value: 'conical' },
+export const ROOF_TYPE_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<{
+  label: string
+  labelKey: MessageKey
+  value: RoofType
+}> = [
+  { label: 'Hip', labelKey: 'roof.hip', value: 'hip' },
+  { label: 'Gable', labelKey: 'roof.gable', value: 'gable' },
+  { label: 'Shed', labelKey: 'roof.shed', value: 'shed' },
+  { label: 'Flat', labelKey: 'roof.flat', value: 'flat' },
+  { label: 'Gambrel', labelKey: 'roof.gambrel', value: 'gambrel' },
+  { label: 'Dutch', labelKey: 'roof.dutch', value: 'dutch' },
+  { label: 'Mansard', labelKey: 'roof.mansard', value: 'mansard' },
+  { label: 'Conical', labelKey: 'roof.conical', value: 'conical' },
 ]
 
 export function getActiveRoofFeatureId(
diff --git a/apps/editor/lib/i18n.test.ts b/apps/editor/lib/i18n.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..438bd0c98f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/editor/lib/i18n.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+import { messages, translate, translateDisplayText } from './i18n'
+
+describe('editor translations', () => {
+  test('keeps locale catalogs aligned', () => {
+    expect(Object.keys(messages['zh-CN']).sort()).toEqual(Object.keys(messages.en).sort())
+  })
+
+  test('translates display text without translating domain values', () => {
+    expect(translate('zh-CN', 'build.wall')).toBe('墙体')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Nature')).toBe('自然')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Floor 3')).toBe('3 层')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Basement 2')).toBe('地下 2 层')
+    expect(
+      translateDisplayText(
+        'zh-CN',
+        'Drainage reserves 0.80 m gutters; hydrants reserve a 1.20 m roadside verge.',
+      ),
+    ).toBe('排水设施预留 0.80 m 路缘排水带；消防栓预留 1.20 m 路侧绿化带。')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Merge node node-2 into node-1')).toBe(
+      '将节点 node-2 合并到 node-1',
+    )
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Daisy')).toBe('雏菊')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'Fescue')).toBe('羊茅')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('zh-CN', 'unknown-node-kind')).toBe('unknown-node-kind')
+    expect(translateDisplayText('en', 'Nature')).toBe('Nature')
+    expect(JSON.stringify(messages['zh-CN'])).not.toContain('"Repeat"')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/editor/lib/i18n.tsx b/apps/editor/lib/i18n.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6345aee244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/editor/lib/i18n.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+export const messages = {
+  en: {
+    'app.blankCanvas': 'Blank canvas — saved scenes are under Scenes (not this page).',
+    'app.openScenes': 'Open saved scenes',
+    'sidebar.scene': 'Scene',
+    'sidebar.build': 'Build',
+    'sidebar.items': 'Items',
+    'sidebar.settings': 'Settings',
+    'build.wall': 'Wall',
+    'build.road': 'Road',
+    'build.block': 'Block',
+    'build.fence': 'Fence',
+    'build.slab': 'Slab',
+    'build.ceiling': 'Ceiling',
+    'build.roof': 'Roof',
+    'build.stairs': 'Stairs',
+    'build.elevator': 'Elevator',
+    'build.door': 'Door',
+    'build.window': 'Window',
+    'build.column': 'Column',
+    'build.shelf': 'Shelf',
+    'build.spawnPoint': 'Spawn Point',
+    'build.kitchen': 'Kitchen',
+    'build.mep': 'MEP',
+    'build.painting': 'Painting',
+    'build.terrain': 'Terrain',
+    'build.duct': 'Duct',
+    'build.register': 'Register',
+    'build.hvacUnit': 'HVAC Unit',
+    'build.lineset': 'Lineset',
+    'build.liquidLine': 'Liquid Line',
+    'build.dwvPipe': 'DWV Pipe',
+    'build.modularCabinet': 'Modular Cabinet',
+    'build.roofType': 'Roof type',
+    'build.roofFeatures': 'Features & extensions',
+    'build.followLineset': 'Follow lineset',
+    'build.followLinesetOn': 'Click a lineset to lay the line beside it.',
+    'build.followLinesetOff': 'Trace a line alongside an existing lineset (F).',
+    'roof.hip': 'Hip',
+    'roof.gable': 'Gable',
+    'roof.shed': 'Shed',
+    'roof.flat': 'Flat',
+    'roof.gambrel': 'Gambrel',
+    'roof.dutch': 'Dutch',
+    'roof.mansard': 'Mansard',
+    'roof.conical': 'Conical',
+    'roof.conicalHint': 'Select a curved wall to match its radius and arc.',
+    'common.on': 'On',
+    'common.off': 'Off',
+    'view.split': 'Split',
+    'view.stack': 'Stack',
+    'view.exploded': 'Exploded',
+    'view.solo': 'Solo',
+    'view.manual': 'Manual',
+    'view.fullHeight': 'Full height',
+    'view.cutaway': 'Cutaway',
+    'view.low': 'Low',
+    'view.translucent': 'Translucent',
+    'view.expandSidebar': 'Expand sidebar',
+    'view.collapseSidebar': 'Collapse sidebar',
+    'view.levels': 'Levels',
+    'view.walls': 'Walls',
+    'view.display': 'Display',
+    'view.displaySettings': 'Display settings',
+    'view.walkthrough': 'Walkthrough',
+    'view.preview': 'Preview',
+    'locale.switchToChinese': '切换为中文',
+    'locale.switchToEnglish': 'Switch to English',
+  },
+  'zh-CN': {
+    'app.blankCanvas': '当前为空白画布，已保存的场景请前往“场景”查看。',
+    'app.openScenes': '打开已保存场景',
+    'sidebar.scene': '场景',
+    'sidebar.build': '建模',
+    'sidebar.items': '物件',
+    'sidebar.settings': '设置',
+    'build.wall': '墙体',
+    'build.road': '道路',
+    'build.block': '体块',
+    'build.fence': '围栏',
+    'build.slab': '楼板',
+    'build.ceiling': '吊顶',
+    'build.roof': '屋顶',
+    'build.stairs': '楼梯',
+    'build.elevator': '电梯',
+    'build.door': '门',
+    'build.window': '窗',
+    'build.column': '柱',
+    'build.shelf': '搁架',
+    'build.spawnPoint': '出生点',
+    'build.kitchen': '厨房',
+    'build.mep': '机电',
+    'build.painting': '材质涂装',
+    'build.terrain': '地形',
+    'build.duct': '风管',
+    'build.register': '风口',
+    'build.hvacUnit': '暖通设备',
+    'build.lineset': '冷媒管组',
+    'build.liquidLine': '液管',
+    'build.dwvPipe': '排水通气管',
+    'build.modularCabinet': '组合橱柜',
+    'build.roofType': '屋顶类型',
+    'build.roofFeatures': '构件与扩展',
+    'build.followLineset': '跟随冷媒管组',
+    'build.followLinesetOn': '点击冷媒管组，在其旁侧铺设液管。',
+    'build.followLinesetOff': '沿现有冷媒管组绘制液管（F）。',
+    'roof.hip': '四坡顶',
+    'roof.gable': '双坡顶',
+    'roof.shed': '单坡顶',
+    'roof.flat': '平屋顶',
+    'roof.gambrel': '折线双坡顶',
+    'roof.dutch': '荷兰式屋顶',
+    'roof.mansard': '孟莎式屋顶',
+    'roof.conical': '锥形屋顶',
+    'roof.conicalHint': '请选择曲墙，以匹配其半径和圆弧。',
+    'common.on': '开',
+    'common.off': '关',
+    'view.split': '分屏',
+    'view.stack': '叠层',
+    'view.exploded': '分解',
+    'view.solo': '单层',
+    'view.manual': '手动',
+    'view.fullHeight': '全高墙',
+    'view.cutaway': '剖切墙',
+    'view.low': '矮墙',
+    'view.translucent': '半透明墙',
+    'view.expandSidebar': '展开侧栏',
+    'view.collapseSidebar': '收起侧栏',
+    'view.levels': '楼层',
+    'view.walls': '墙体',
+    'view.display': '显示',
+    'view.displaySettings': '显示设置',
+    'view.walkthrough': '漫游',
+    'view.preview': '预览',
+    'locale.switchToChinese': '切换为中文',
+    'locale.switchToEnglish': 'Switch to English',
+  },
+} as const
+
+export type Locale = keyof typeof messages
+export type MessageKey = keyof (typeof messages)['en']
+
+const displayMessages: Record<string, string> = {
+  Nature: '自然',
+  Environment: '环境',
+  Pools: '泳池',
+  Streetscape: '街景',
+  Plugins: '插件',
+  Floors: '楼层',
+  'Add floor': '添加楼层',
+  'Add basement': '添加地下层',
+  'No floors yet': '暂无楼层',
+  Remove: '移除',
+  'Remove floor': '移除楼层',
+  'The ground floor cannot be removed': '首层不能移除',
+  'Select a floor to make it active. The ground floor is always kept as the building datum.':
+    '选择一个楼层作为当前层。首层始终作为建筑标高基准。',
+  Viewer: '视图',
+  'Rendering options for this editor session.': '当前编辑会话的渲染选项。',
+  'Cast shadows from lights.': '显示灯光投射的阴影。',
+  Export: '导出',
+  Exporting: '正在导出',
+  'Download the scene or hand it to another app.': '下载场景，或发送到其他应用。',
+  '3D model': '3D 模型',
+  'Export options': '导出选项',
+  'Visible nodes only': '仅导出可见节点',
+  'Exclude hidden furniture and other hidden scene nodes': '排除隐藏的家具及其他场景节点',
+  'Export visible nodes only': '仅导出可见节点',
+  'Include in file': '包含在文件中',
+  'Viewer surroundings': '视图环境',
+  'Viewer surroundings are excluded unless selected separately below.':
+    '视图环境默认不导出；如需导出，请在下方单独选择。',
+  'Optional static surroundings are included only in GLB and USDZ.':
+    '可选静态环境仅支持导出到 GLB 和 USDZ。',
+  'Send to Blender': '发送到 Blender',
+  'Needs the': '请确保',
+  'Pascal add-on for Blender': 'Pascal Blender 插件',
+  Basin: '盆地',
+  'Water level': '水位',
+  'Spill level': '溢流标高',
+  'Max depth': '最大深度',
+  Empty: '空置',
+  'Water quality': '水质',
+  Pure: '纯净',
+  Clear: '清澈',
+  Deep: '深水',
+  Swampy: '沼泽',
+  'Bright, pale blue water.': '明亮的浅蓝色水体。',
+  'Natural transparent blue-green water.': '自然透明的蓝绿色水体。',
+  'Darker blue water with stronger depth.': '颜色更深、层次更明显的蓝色水体。',
+  'Muted green-brown pond water.': '低饱和的绿褐色池水。',
+  Shoreline: '岸线',
+  'Soft bank': '柔和岸坡',
+  'Rocky bank': '岩石岸坡',
+  'Water props': '水体组件',
+  'Clear props': '清除组件',
+  'Sculpt Terrain': '雕刻地形',
+  'Canvas action': '画布操作',
+  Select: '选择',
+  Lilies: '睡莲',
+  Koi: '锦鲤',
+  'Contours are {step} m apart. Water cannot rise above the spill level.':
+    '等高线间距为 {step} m，水位不能高于溢流标高。',
+  'This preset will be used when the basin first receives water.': '盆地首次加水时将使用此预设。',
+  'Add water to choose a shoreline treatment.': '加水后才能选择岸线处理方式。',
+  'Natural stones follow the waterline and the sculpted terrain.':
+    '天然石材会沿水线和雕刻后的地形铺设。',
+  'A gentle shallow-water transition blends into the bank.': '柔和的浅水过渡会自然融入岸坡。',
+  'Up to 128 props per pond. Dry props are retained and reappear when water returns.':
+    '每个池塘最多可放置 128 个组件；干涸时组件会保留，水位恢复后重新出现。',
+  'Need a deeper basin?': '需要更深的盆地？',
+  'Use Pascal Terrain to lower the centre and keep a higher rim around it.':
+    '使用 Pascal 地形降低中心，并在周围保留更高的边缘。',
+  'Select a depression, then raise one contour interval or fill it to the spill level.':
+    '选择一个凹地，然后抬高一个等高线间隔，或将其填充至溢流标高。',
+  'Select a contained terrain depression first.': '请先选择一个封闭的地形凹地。',
+  'The selected pond is empty.': '当前池塘为空。',
+  'Add water to this basin first.': '请先向此盆地加水。',
+  'Click inside an enclosed low point. A click on its slope selects the connected depression below.':
+    '点击封闭低点内部；点击坡面会选择下方相连的凹地。',
+  'Water needs editable terrain with a contained depression': '水体需要可编辑地形中的封闭凹地。',
+  'Fill to spill': '填充至溢流标高',
+  Path: '路径',
+  Channel: '河道',
+  Flow: '流向',
+  Appearance: '外观',
+  Width: '宽度',
+  Depth: '深度',
+  Speed: '速度',
+  Direction: '方向',
+  'First endpoint': '起点端',
+  'Last endpoint': '终点端',
+  Rounded: '圆头',
+  'Mountain source': '山地源头',
+  'Sea outlet': '入海口',
+  Forward: '正向',
+  Reverse: '反向',
+  'Finish river': '完成河流',
+  'Remove last point': '移除上一个点',
+  'Done editing path': '完成路径编辑',
+  'Edit path': '编辑路径',
+  'Draw new river': '绘制新河流',
+  'Delete river': '删除河流',
+  'Place at least two river points.': '请至少放置两个河流点。',
+  'Place a river point before removing one.': '请先放置河流点，再移除点。',
+  'Add or select an editable Site first.': '请先添加或选择可编辑的场地。',
+  'Points set the river centerline; width and depth turn that path into a carved channel.':
+    '这些点定义河流中心线；宽度和深度会将路径雕刻为河道。',
+  'Direction follows the first point toward the last; reverse flips the visible current.':
+    '流向默认从起点指向终点；反向会翻转可见水流。',
+  'Mountain and sea connections continue procedurally beyond the Site; the authored river and its exports stay inside the Site.':
+    '山地源头和入海连接会在场地之外继续生成；绘制的河流及其导出内容仍保留在场地内。',
+  'Sea outlet is unavailable because the current Surroundings seed has no coast.':
+    '当前环境种子没有海岸线，因此无法使用入海口。',
+  'Atmosphere settings': '大气设置',
+  'Adjust the rain and snow amounts separately in Fine-tune.': '可在“微调”中分别调整雨量和雪量。',
+  'Sun control': '太阳控制',
+  'Manual angles': '手动角度',
+  'Sky output': '天空输出',
+  'Composite HDR': '合成 HDR',
+  'World direction': '世界方向',
+  'Rayleigh only': '仅 Rayleigh',
+  'Mie only': '仅 Mie',
+  'Horizon haze': '地平线雾霾',
+  'Sun mask': '太阳遮罩',
+  'Cloud density': '云密度',
+  'Log luminance': '对数亮度',
+  'Time shortcuts': '时间快捷操作',
+  'Switch to daytime counterpart': '切换到对应的白天时刻',
+  'Daytime counterpart · 12 hours apart': '对应的白天时刻，相隔 12 小时',
+  'Switch to nighttime counterpart': '切换到对应的夜间时刻',
+  'Nighttime counterpart · 12 hours apart': '对应的夜间时刻，相隔 12 小时',
+  'Continuous 24-hour time disk': '连续 24 小时时间盘',
+  'Drag to change time.': '拖动以调整时间。',
+  'All 24 hours are continuous. Arrow keys adjust five minutes; Shift adjusts thirty. Escape cancels a drag.':
+    '24 小时连续循环。方向键每次调整 5 分钟；按住 Shift 调整 30 分钟；Esc 取消拖动。',
+  'Manual sun angles are available in Advanced.': '可在“高级”中手动设置太阳角度。',
+  'Project appearance is saved in this browser, not in exported geometry. It stays active when you return to other tools.':
+    '项目外观保存在当前浏览器中，不会写入导出的几何模型；切换到其他工具后仍保持生效。',
+  'Artistic 24-hour orbit; playback takes two minutes. It is not a geolocated solar study.':
+    '艺术化 24 小时昼夜轨道，完整播放约需两分钟；这不是基于地理位置的日照分析。',
+  'Enable the environment sky to use day playback.': '启用环境天空后才能播放昼夜变化。',
+  'Exact amounts and mixed weather.': '精确设置各项强度及混合天气。',
+  'Cloud cover is in Advanced → Clouds.': '云量设置位于“高级 → 云层”。',
+  'Rain thickens and darkens the base clouds; snow cools the sky. Rain wets surfaces; snow covers ground and roof-facing surfaces. Indoor shelter is not detected.':
+    '雨会加厚并压暗基础云层，雪会使天空色调变冷。雨会润湿表面；雪会覆盖地面和朝上的屋面。系统暂不识别室内遮蔽。',
+  'Aim the sun by time or manual angles.': '按时间或手动角度确定太阳方向。',
+  '0° north · 90° east · 180° south · 270° west.': '0° 北 · 90° 东 · 180° 南 · 270° 西。',
+  'Shape haze, fog depth, and scene exposure.': '调整雾霾、雾效深度和场景曝光。',
+  'Adjust cloud coverage, motion, and appearance.': '调整云量、运动和外观。',
+  'Choose rendering and tune celestial light.': '选择渲染方式并调整天体光照。',
+  'Atmosphere · Rayleigh + Mie': '大气 · Rayleigh + Mie',
+  'Gradient · low cost': '渐变 · 低性能开销',
+  'Specialist tuning; defaults usually suffice.': '专业参数，通常保留默认值即可。',
+  'Artistic phase: 0% new, 100% full.': '艺术化月相：0% 为新月，100% 为满月。',
+  'Inspect individual sky rendering passes.': '检查各个天空渲染通道。',
+  'Background only. Reflections, fog, and lighting keep the full sky.':
+    '仅影响背景；反射、雾效和光照仍使用完整天空。',
+  'Landscape preset': '景观预设',
+  Regional: '区域环境',
+  'Open Meadow': '开阔草甸',
+  'Woodland Edge': '林地边缘',
+  'Roads, homes and landscape generated from the current regional setting.':
+    '根据当前区域设置生成道路、住宅和景观。',
+  'A broad flowered meadow with occasional copses and a long open horizon.':
+    '开阔的花卉草甸，点缀零散林丛，拥有延伸的开阔地平线。',
+  'A dense, layered woodland with shaded understory and irregular clearings.':
+    '层次丰富的密林，林下有阴影，并分布不规则空地。',
+  'Show surroundings': '显示周边环境',
+  'Surroundings are hidden. Turn them on to preview your changes.':
+    '周边环境已隐藏。打开后可预览更改。',
+  'Road layout': '道路布局',
+  'Use Regional roads': '使用区域道路',
+  'Variation & birds': '变化与鸟类',
+  'Landscape seed': '景观种子',
+  'Show distant birds': '显示远处鸟类',
+  'Animate distant birds': '播放远处鸟类动画',
+  'Surroundings are saved per project in this browser and excluded from geometry exports.':
+    '周边环境按项目保存在此浏览器中，并排除在几何导出之外。',
+  'Camera aligned': '相机对齐',
+  'Select an edge below': '请在下方选择一条边',
+  'Edge {index}': '边 {index}',
+  'Edge {index} road type': '边 {index} 道路类型',
+  'Property edges': '地块边界',
+  'Edge {index}: {type}': '边 {index}：{type}',
+  'Edge {index} · {type}': '边 {index} · {type}',
+  'Water type': '水体类型',
+  Pond: '池塘',
+  River: '河流',
+  'Fill terrain depressions in contour steps, then dress the water.':
+    '按等高线间隔填充地形凹地，再布置水体。',
+  'Draw a watercourse and carve its channel into the terrain.': '绘制水道，并在地形中雕刻河道。',
+  'Pond tool active': '池塘工具已启用',
+  'River tool active': '河流工具已启用',
+  'Resume selected pond': '继续编辑所选池塘',
+  'Resume pond tool': '继续使用池塘工具',
+  'Resume selected river': '继续编辑所选河流',
+  'Resume river tool': '继续使用河流工具',
+  'Add a Site before creating water.': '请先添加场地，再创建水体。',
+  'Raise {distance} m': '抬高 {distance} m',
+  'Lower {distance} m': '降低 {distance} m',
+  '{lilies} lilies · {koi}/32 koi': '{lilies} 株睡莲 · {koi}/32 条锦鲤',
+  'No road': '无道路',
+  'Secondary road': '次要道路',
+  'Primary road': '主要道路',
+  Secondary: '次要',
+  Primary: '主要',
+  '{preset} has no roads or homes. Switch to Regional to edit property-edge roads. Your road settings are kept.':
+    '{preset} 没有道路或住宅。切换到区域环境后可编辑地块边缘道路；当前道路设置会保留。',
+  'Editing points': '正在编辑点',
+  '2-point minimum': '至少 2 个点',
+  'Choose Draw new river, then click along the terrain. Each point bends the channel through it.':
+    '选择“绘制新河流”，然后沿地形依次点击；每个点都会引导河道转向。',
+  'Click terrain to place the first point. This sets where the river begins.':
+    '点击地形放置第一个点，确定河流起点。',
+  'First point set. Click farther along the terrain to create the first channel segment.':
+    '已设置第一个点。继续点击更远处的地形，创建第一段河道。',
+  'Two points set—the minimum. Finish a simple channel now, or keep clicking to shape bends.':
+    '已设置最低要求的两个点。现在可完成简单河道，也可继续点击塑造弯道。',
+  'Keep clicking to extend the channel, or finish when its course has the shape you want.':
+    '继续点击以延伸河道；达到所需走向后即可完成。',
+  'Drag any visible control point to reshape the selected river. Release to apply each change.':
+    '拖动任一可见控制点以重塑所选河流；松开后应用更改。',
+  'River drawing needs an editable Site. Add or select a Site before starting a path.':
+    '绘制河流需要可编辑场地。开始绘制前请添加或选择场地。',
+  'Choose Edit path, then drag its visible control points to reshape the channel.':
+    '选择“编辑路径”，然后拖动可见控制点重塑河道。',
+  'Waiting for the first point.': '等待第一个点。',
+  'Path editing is active.': '路径编辑已启用。',
+  'River drawing is unavailable because no Site is active.': '当前没有活动场地，无法绘制河流。',
+  'River selected and ready to edit.': '已选择河流，可以编辑。',
+  'Ready to draw a river.': '可以绘制河流。',
+  'running in an open Blender.': '已在打开的 Blender 中运行。',
+  'Export 3D print 3MF': '导出 3D 打印 3MF',
+  'Export 3D print STL': '导出 3D 打印 STL',
+  'Default mode': '默认模式',
+  'Expert mode': '专业模式',
+  'Full floor plan': '完整平面图',
+  'Structure only': '仅结构',
+  'Save and load': '保存与加载',
+  'Keep a JSON copy of the scene, or restore one.': '保存场景的 JSON 副本，或从副本恢复。',
+  'Save build': '保存模型',
+  'Load build': '加载模型',
+  Preferences: '偏好设置',
+  'Sound levels and keyboard shortcuts.': '声音级别和键盘快捷键。',
+  'Audio settings': '音频设置',
+  'Adjust volume levels and mute settings': '调整音量级别和静音设置',
+  'Master Volume': '主音量',
+  'Radio Volume': '广播音量',
+  'Sound Effects': '音效',
+  'Mute All Sounds': '全部静音',
+  'Unmute All Sounds': '取消全部静音',
+  'Keyboard shortcuts': '键盘快捷键',
+  'Shortcuts are context-aware. Guided constraints are enabled by default; hold Shift during an active gesture to build freely.':
+    '快捷键会随当前上下文生效。默认启用引导约束；操作时按住 Shift 可自由建模。',
+  'Editor Navigation': '编辑器导航',
+  'Modes & History': '模式与历史',
+  Selection: '选择',
+  'Direct Manipulation': '直接操作',
+  'Drawing Tools': '绘图工具',
+  'Item Placement': '物件放置',
+  'Switch to Site phase': '切换到场地阶段',
+  'Switch to Structure phase': '切换到结构阶段',
+  'Switch to Furnish phase': '切换到陈设阶段',
+  'Switch to Furnish layer': '切换到陈设图层',
+  'Switch to Zones layer': '切换到分区图层',
+  'Select next level in the active building': '选择当前建筑的上一层',
+  'Select previous level in the active building': '选择当前建筑的下一层',
+  'Toggle sidebar': '展开或收起侧栏',
+  'Switch to Select mode': '切换到选择模式',
+  'Switch to Build mode': '切换到建模模式',
+  'Activate the last measurement tool': '启用上次使用的测量工具',
+  'Switch to Delete mode': '切换到删除模式',
+  'Cancel the active tool and return to Select mode': '取消当前工具并返回选择模式',
+  'Mid-draw it cancels only the chain in progress and keeps the tool armed; press it again to leave the tool.':
+    '绘制过程中第一次按下仅取消当前连续段并保留工具；再次按下退出工具。',
+  'Delete selected objects': '删除选中对象',
+  Undo: '撤销',
+  Redo: '重做',
+  Save: '保存',
+  'Copy the selected objects': '复制选中对象',
+  'The copied selection can be pasted into another level, project, or browser tab.':
+    '复制的对象可粘贴到其他楼层、项目或浏览器标签页。',
+  'Cut the selected objects': '剪切选中对象',
+  'Copies the selection to the clipboard, then removes it from this scene.':
+    '将选中对象复制到剪贴板，然后从当前场景移除。',
+  'Paste and place copied objects': '粘贴并放置复制的对象',
+  'Carries a preview under the cursor. Click to place it, or press Escape to cancel.':
+    '光标下会显示预览；点击放置，或按 Escape 取消。',
+  'Add or remove an object from multi-selection': '在多选中加入或移除对象',
+  'Works in Select mode on the 3D canvas, the 2D floor plan, and the scene graph.':
+    '适用于选择模式下的 3D 画布、2D 平面图和场景图。',
+  'Add or remove an object from canvas multi-selection': '在画布多选中加入或移除对象',
+  'In the scene graph, Shift-click selects the visible range like a file browser.':
+    '在场景图中，Shift+单击会像文件浏览器一样选择可见范围。',
+  'Move the whole multi-selection': '整体移动多选对象',
+  'With 2+ objects selected, in 2D and 3D alike: drag the selection (or its dashed box) to slide it; click it to pick it up and place with the next click.':
+    '选中至少两个对象时，可在 2D 或 3D 中拖动选区（或虚线框）；也可单击拾取，再次单击放置。',
+  'Rotate a multi-selection ±45° around its center': '将多选对象绕中心旋转 ±45°',
+  'Also works mid-move while carrying the selection.': '移动选区时同样可用。',
+  'Group the multi-selection (session only)': '临时编组多选对象',
+  'Editor-only. Plain click a member later to reselect the whole group. Not saved with the project.':
+    '仅当前编辑会话有效；之后单击任一成员可重选整组，不会随项目保存。',
+  'Ungroup the session selection': '取消临时编组',
+  'Keeps the current selection; only dissolves the session group.':
+    '保留当前选择，仅解除临时编组。',
+  'Clicking empty space does the same.': '单击空白处也可清除选择。',
+  'Move the selected movable object under the cursor': '移动光标下的可移动选中对象',
+  'Drag in Select mode with a single object selected. Guided snapping and guides are enabled by default.':
+    '在选择模式中选中单个对象后拖动；默认启用引导吸附和参考线。',
+  'Rotate the selected object under the cursor': '旋转光标下的选中对象',
+  'Drag left or right in Select mode with a single object selected. Rotation snaps to 15° increments by default.':
+    '在选择模式中选中单个对象后向左或向右拖动；默认按 15° 增量吸附。',
+  'Rotate freely': '自由旋转',
+  'Hold Shift during the drag to bypass the 15° rotation increment.':
+    '拖动时按住 Shift 可绕过 15° 旋转增量。',
+  'Cycle the snapping mode': '循环切换吸附模式',
+  'Tap and release without pressing anything else, while a drawing or move gesture is available.':
+    '可绘制或移动时，单独点按并松开该键。',
+  'Cycle the grid step: 0.5 m → 0.25 m → 0.1 m → 0.05 m':
+    '循环切换网格步长：0.5 m → 0.25 m → 0.1 m → 0.05 m',
+  'Tap and release on its own. Use it when the default half-metre grid is too coarse — placing a window, for instance.':
+    '单独点按并松开；默认半米网格过粗时使用，例如放置窗户。',
+  'Bypass guided snapping and angle constraints': '临时绕过引导吸附和角度约束',
+  'Hold during the active gesture. Passive guide or measurement feedback may stay visible.':
+    '操作期间按住；被动参考线或测量反馈可能仍会显示。',
+  'Rotate freely, bypassing the default 15° rotation snap': '自由旋转，绕过默认 15° 吸附',
+  'Hold while dragging a rotate handle or direct-rotation gesture.':
+    '拖动旋转手柄或直接旋转时按住。',
+  'Rotate item; with a door selected, R toggles open/closed and T closes':
+    '旋转物件；选中门时，R 切换开合，T 关闭',
+  'Operate the selected node — doors, windows, and cabinet doors/drawers animate open/closed':
+    '操作选中节点：门、窗及柜门/抽屉以动画方式开合',
+  'Temporarily bypass placement validation constraints': '临时绕过放置校验约束',
+  'Hold while placing.': '放置时按住。',
+  'Pan camera': '平移相机',
+  'Moves in screen space, similar to dragging the camera view.':
+    '在屏幕平面内移动，效果类似拖动相机视图。',
+  'Drag with the middle mouse button, or hold Space while dragging with the left mouse button.':
+    '按住鼠标中键拖动，或按住空格并用左键拖动。',
+  'Orbit camera': '环绕相机',
+  'Drag with the right mouse button.': '按住鼠标右键拖动。',
+  'Scene graph': '场景图',
+  'Inspect how nodes are nested in this scene.': '检查当前场景中的节点层级。',
+  'Explore scene graph': '查看场景图',
+  'Danger zone': '危险操作',
+  'Removes every node from this scene. This cannot be undone.':
+    '删除当前场景中的全部节点。此操作无法撤销。',
+  'Clear and start new': '清空并新建',
+  'Loading…': '正在加载…',
+  Close: '关闭',
+  Open: '打开',
+  'Expand panel': '展开面板',
+  'Collapse panel': '收起面板',
+  'Ready to import': '可以导入',
+  'Cannot import this file': '无法导入此文件',
+  Sites: '场地',
+  Buildings: '建筑',
+  Doors: '门',
+  Windows: '窗',
+  Items: '物件',
+  Slabs: '楼板',
+  Ceilings: '吊顶',
+  'Floor area': '建筑面积',
+  'The file contains no recognised nodes.': '文件中没有可识别的节点。',
+  'Replace current scene': '替换当前场景',
+  Furniture: '家具',
+  Appliance: '家电',
+  Kitchen: '厨房',
+  Bathroom: '卫浴',
+  Outdoor: '户外',
+  'Search...': '搜索...',
+  Cactus: '仙人掌',
+  'TV Stand': '电视柜',
+  'Dining table': '餐桌',
+  'Single Bed': '单人床',
+  'Livingroom Chair': '客厅椅',
+  'Small Plant': '小型绿植',
+  'Modular Cabinet': '组合橱柜',
+  'My leather couch': '我的皮沙发',
+  Threadmill: '跑步机',
+  Column: '柱体',
+  Barbell: '杠铃',
+  Toy: '玩具',
+  'Barbell Stand': '杠铃架',
+  Books: '书籍',
+  Stool: '凳子',
+  'Pool table': '台球桌',
+  Bookshelf: '书架',
+  'Coat Rack': '衣帽架',
+  'Car Toy': '玩具车',
+  'Bedside Table': '床头柜',
+  Sofa: '沙发',
+  Bunkbed: '双层床',
+  'Office Table': '办公桌',
+  'Dining Table': '餐桌',
+  Guitar: '吉他',
+  'Trash Bin': '垃圾桶',
+  'Recessed Light': '嵌入式灯',
+  Shelf: '搁架',
+  'Table Lamp': '台灯',
+  'Ceiling Lamp': '吸顶灯',
+  Closet: '衣柜',
+  'Coffee Table': '茶几',
+  'Dining Chair': '餐椅',
+  Dresser: '斗柜',
+  'Indoor Plant': '室内绿植',
+  'Ironing Board': '熨衣板',
+  'Double Bed': '双人床',
+  'Floor Lamp': '落地灯',
+  Easel: '画架',
+  'Lounge Chair': '休闲椅',
+  'Office Chair': '办公椅',
+  Piano: '钢琴',
+  Picture: '装饰画',
+  'Rectangular Carpet': '长方形地毯',
+  'Rounded Mirror': '圆角镜',
+  'Round Carpet': '圆形地毯',
+  'Standing Desk': '升降桌',
+  Sprinkler: '喷淋头',
+  'Exit Sign': '出口标志',
+  'Sewing Machine': '缝纫机',
+  Television: '电视',
+  'Power Outlet': '电源插座',
+  Thermostat: '温控器',
+  Toaster: '烤面包机',
+  Kettle: '水壶',
+  Hydrant: '消火栓',
+  'Fire Detector': '火灾探测器',
+  'Smoke Detector': '烟雾探测器',
+  'Coffee Machine': '咖啡机',
+  'Ceiling fan': '吊扇',
+  Iron: '熨斗',
+  'Air Conditioning': '空调',
+  Computer: '电脑',
+  'Electric Panel': '配电箱',
+  'Bathroom Sink': '浴室洗手盆',
+  'Angle Shower': '转角淋浴间',
+  'Toilet Paper': '卫生纸',
+  'Washing Machine': '洗衣机',
+  Bathtub: '浴缸',
+  Toilet: '马桶',
+  Microwave: '微波炉',
+  'Cutting Board': '砧板',
+  'Kitchen Utensils': '厨具',
+  'Kitchen Counter': '厨房操作台',
+  Hood: '抽油烟机',
+  'Kitchen Bar': '厨房吧台',
+  'Kitchen Cabinet': '橱柜',
+  'Frying Pan': '煎锅',
+  Fruits: '水果',
+  Fridge: '冰箱',
+  'Kitchen Shelf': '厨房搁架',
+  'Wine Bottle': '酒瓶',
+  Stove: '炉灶',
+  Ball: '球',
+  Bush: '灌木',
+  'Basket Hoop': '篮球架',
+  'Parking Spot': '停车位',
+  Palm: '棕榈树',
+  Sunbed: '躺椅',
+  Fir: '冷杉',
+  Tree: '树木',
+  Skate: '滑板',
+  'Patio Umbrella': '庭院伞',
+  Pillar: '立柱',
+  Scooter: '踏板车',
+  Dishwasher: '洗碗机',
+  Fireplace: '壁炉',
+  planted: '株已种植',
+  Trees: '树木',
+  Flowers: '花卉',
+  Grass: '草地',
+  'Pick a tree, then click the ground.': '选择树木，然后点击地面放置。',
+  'Pick a flower, then click the ground.': '选择花卉，然后点击地面放置。',
+  'Pick a grass, then click the ground.': '选择草地预设，然后点击地面放置。',
+  'Click the ground to plant. Press Esc to stop.': '点击地面种植；按 Esc 结束。',
+  Oak: '橡树',
+  Pine: '松树',
+  Aspen: '白杨',
+  Ash: '白蜡树',
+  Trellis: '棚架',
+  Height: '高度',
+  Foliage: '枝叶密度',
+  Trunk: '树干粗细',
+  'Bare (leafless)': '无叶',
+  'Trees generated with': '基于',
+  by: '生成，作者',
+  'Choose an area to shape your scene.': '选择一个环境区域进行设置。',
+  'Ground Cover': '地被',
+  Drag: '拖动',
+  'Paint grass': '绘制草地',
+  'Cancel stroke or stop': '取消笔触或停止',
+  Coverage: '覆盖范围',
+  Paint: '绘制',
+  Erase: '擦除',
+  Smooth: '柔化',
+  'Local height': '局部高度',
+  Raise: '抬高',
+  Lower: '降低',
+  Brush: '画笔',
+  Radius: '半径',
+  Strength: '强度',
+  'Edge softness': '边缘柔度',
+  'Paint result': '绘制结果',
+  'Target coverage': '目标覆盖率',
+  'Grass color': '草地颜色',
+  Hex: '十六进制',
+  'Natural palette': '自然色板',
+  Meadow: '草甸',
+  Daisy: '雏菊',
+  Tulip: '郁金香',
+  Lavender: '薰衣草',
+  Fescue: '羊茅',
+  Reed: '芦苇',
+  Woodland: '林地',
+  Sage: '鼠尾草绿',
+  'Dry straw': '枯草色',
+  'Height adjustment': '高度调整',
+  'Height change': '高度变化',
+  'Brush details': '画笔细节',
+  Shape: '形状',
+  Round: '圆形',
+  Square: '方形',
+  'Stroke variation': '笔触变化',
+  'Whole site': '整个场地',
+  'Fill site': '填满场地',
+  'Clear grass': '清除草地',
+  'Reset height': '重置高度',
+  Confirm: '确认',
+  value: '数值',
+  'Changes applied.': '更改已应用。',
+  'Drag the arc or use arrow keys.': '拖动画弧，或使用方向键。',
+  'Drag on the ground to paint grass. Press Esc to stop.': '在地面拖动以绘制草地，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Drag on the ground to erase grass. Press Esc to stop.': '在地面拖动以擦除草地，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Drag on the ground to smooth density. Press Esc to stop.': '在地面拖动以柔化密度，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Drag to raise grass locally. Press Esc to stop.': '拖动以局部抬高草地，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Drag to lower grass locally. Press Esc to stop.': '拖动以局部降低草地，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Drag to smooth local grass height. Press Esc to stop.': '拖动以柔化局部草高，按 Esc 停止。',
+  'Coverage controls where grass grows. Blade size and overall density are in the Grass Field inspector.':
+    '覆盖率控制草地生长范围；叶片尺寸和整体密度可在“草地区域”检查器中调整。',
+  'Changes grass height under the brush, not the terrain.': '调整画笔范围内的草高，不改变地形。',
+  'Higher variation breaks up the stroke for a less uniform result.':
+    '提高变化值可打散笔触，使结果更自然。',
+  'Applies across the Site, not just under the brush.': '应用于整个场地，而不只是画笔范围。',
+  'Replace all grass coverage with full coverage in the current grass color.':
+    '使用当前草地颜色，将整个场地设为完全覆盖。',
+  'Remove all painted grass from this Site. Local height adjustments are kept.':
+    '清除场地内所有已绘制草地，并保留局部高度调整。',
+  'Reset all locally painted grass heights across the Site.': '重置场地内所有局部草高调整。',
+  'Use three or six hexadecimal digits, for example #527A3B.':
+    '请输入 3 位或 6 位十六进制数，例如 #527A3B。',
+  Alley: '巷道',
+  Collector: '次干路',
+  'Divided arterial': '分隔式主干路',
+  Highway: '高速公路',
+  'Road preset': '道路预设',
+  'Click or drag to start drawing a connected road network': '点击或拖动以开始绘制连续道路网',
+  'Set a width to zero to remove that component from this side.':
+    '将宽度设为 0，可从该侧移除对应构件。',
+  'Parking lane': '停车带',
+  'Bike lane': '自行车道',
+  Gutter: '排水沟',
+  Curb: '路缘石',
+  Verge: '绿化带',
+  Sidewalk: '人行道',
+  Atmosphere: '大气',
+  Surroundings: '周边环境',
+  Build: '建筑',
+  Terrain: '地形',
+  Surface: '地表材质',
+  Water: '水体',
+  'Paint grass, flowers, and low vegetation.': '绘制草地、花卉和低矮植被。',
+  'Adjust the sky, lighting, and atmosphere.': '调整天空、光照和大气。',
+  'Configure roads and the neighborhood beyond the site.': '设置场地以外的道路和周边环境。',
+  'Open Pascal building tools.': '打开 Pascal 建筑工具。',
+  'Raise, lower, flatten, and smooth the terrain.': '抬高、降低、整平和柔化地形。',
+  'Paint terrain-conforming surface materials.': '绘制贴合地形的表面材质。',
+  'Create and adjust ponds and water levels.': '创建并调整池塘和水位。',
+  'Coming soon': '即将推出',
+  'Paint coverage, then shape the grass.': '绘制覆盖范围，再塑造草地。',
+  'Paint materials that follow your terrain.': '绘制随地形贴合的材质。',
+  'Sky & atmosphere': '天空与大气',
+  Sky: '天空',
+  Weather: '天气',
+  Advanced: '高级',
+  Rain: '雨',
+  Snow: '雪',
+  Storm: '暴风雨',
+  Light: '轻度',
+  Steady: '稳定',
+  Heavy: '强烈',
+  Calm: '平静',
+  Breeze: '微风',
+  'Atmosphere status': '大气状态',
+  'Environment sky': '环境天空',
+  'Environment sky active': '环境天空已启用',
+  'Weather sky active': '天气天空已启用',
+  'Scene theme active': '场景主题已启用',
+  'Sky controls': '天空控制',
+  'Sun & time': '日光与时间',
+  'Sky mood': '天空氛围',
+  'Custom sky': '自定义天空',
+  'Clear day': '晴天',
+  Cloudy: '多云',
+  'Golden hour': '黄金时刻',
+  'Blue hour': '蓝调时刻',
+  Moonlit: '月夜',
+  'Time of day': '时间',
+  Daylight: '日光',
+  Pause: '暂停',
+  'Play day': '播放白天',
+  'Weather type': '天气类型',
+  'Clear weather': '晴朗',
+  'Strong wind': '强风',
+  Reset: '重置',
+  'Rain strength': '降雨强度',
+  'Snow strength': '降雪强度',
+  Wind: '风力',
+  'Thunder sound': '雷声',
+  'Fine-tune': '精细调整',
+  'Rain intensity': '降雨强度',
+  'Snow intensity': '降雪强度',
+  'Storm lightning': '暴风雨闪电',
+  'Sun direction': '太阳方向',
+  'Advanced sky controls': '高级天空控制',
+  'North offset': '北向偏移',
+  'Sun elevation': '太阳高度角',
+  'Sun azimuth': '太阳方位角',
+  'Adds rain when needed': '必要时自动增加降雨',
+  'Light & visibility': '光照与可见性',
+  Haze: '雾霾',
+  'Fog starts': '起雾距离',
+  'Fog distance': '雾效距离',
+  Exposure: '曝光',
+  Clouds: '云层',
+  'Base cloud cover': '基础云量',
+  'Animate clouds': '云层动画',
+  'Cloud scale': '云层比例',
+  'Cloud softness': '云层柔和度',
+  'Cloud drift': '云层漂移',
+  'Sky model': '天空模型',
+  'Physical scattering': '物理散射',
+  'Rayleigh scattering': 'Rayleigh 散射',
+  'Mie scattering': 'Mie 散射',
+  'Mie anisotropy': 'Mie 异性',
+  'Sun angular radius': '太阳角半径',
+  'Sun radiance': '太阳辐亮度',
+  'Moon phase': '月相',
+  Diagnostics: '诊断',
+  'Reset sky': '重置天空',
+  'Shape the daylight, sky, and weather.': '调整日光、天空和天气。',
+  'Set roads and landscape beyond your property.': '设置用地之外的道路与景观。',
+  Paused: '已暂停',
+  'Brush active': '画笔已启用',
+  'Resume painting': '继续绘制',
+  'to stop': '停止',
+  'Enable Environment': '启用环境',
+  'Sky, weather, and surroundings. You can also enable or disable individual features in their sections.':
+    '控制天空、天气和周边环境；也可在各分区中单独启用或关闭。',
+  'Site View': '场地视图',
+  Catalogue: '目录',
+  'Swimming pool': '泳池',
+  'Build the pool, then add its systems and details.': '先创建泳池，再添加系统和细部。',
+  'Pool stairs': '泳池扶梯',
+  'Water features': '水景设施',
+  'Add movement and visual interest to the pool.': '为泳池增加水流动感和视觉层次。',
+  Waterfall: '瀑布',
+  'Pool spillover': '泳池溢流',
+  'Circulation equipment': '循环设备',
+  'Place the equipment that keeps the water clean and comfortable.': '放置保持水质清洁舒适的设备。',
+  'Pool pump': '泳池水泵',
+  'Pool filter': '泳池过滤器',
+  'Pool heater': '泳池加热器',
+  'Pool fittings': '泳池管件',
+  'Connect the pool to its suction, drain, and return lines.': '连接泳池的吸水、排水和回水管路。',
+  'Pool skimmer': '泳池撇渣器',
+  'Pool return inlet': '泳池回水口',
+  'Pool drain': '泳池排水口',
+  'Suction valve': '吸水阀',
+  placed: '个已放置',
+  'Back to pool catalog': '返回泳池目录',
+  'Pool catalog': '泳池目录',
+  Roads: '道路',
+  Road: '道路',
+  Lights: '照明',
+  Signs: '标志',
+  Utilities: '市政设施',
+  'Click or drag Road into the scene, then set two or more points.':
+    '点击或拖入“道路”，然后设置两个或更多点。',
+  'Click the ground to set road points. Enter or double-click finishes the path.':
+    '点击地面设置道路点；按 Enter 或双击结束绘制。',
+  'Drag or click to draw straight, spline and connected roads':
+    '拖动或点击以绘制直线、曲线及连续道路',
+  segment: '段道路',
+  segments: '段道路',
+  'Road cross-section': '道路横断面',
+  lane: '车道',
+  lanes: '车道',
+  overall: '总宽',
+  Preset: '预设',
+  'Local street': '支路',
+  Roadway: '车行道',
+  Left: '左侧',
+  Right: '右侧',
+  'Lane count': '车道数',
+  'Lane width': '车道宽度',
+  Shoulder: '路肩',
+  Median: '中央分隔带',
+  Alignment: '线形',
+  Straight: '直线',
+  Spline: '曲线',
+  'Bend radius': '转弯半径',
+  Elevation: '高程',
+  Ground: '地面',
+  Bridge: '桥梁',
+  Crossings: '交叉连接',
+  'Auto join': '自动连接',
+  'No join': '不连接',
+  'Automatic infrastructure': '自动市政设施',
+  'Add editable utility assets when each road segment is committed.':
+    '每段道路完成后，添加可编辑的市政设施。',
+  'Add automatically': '自动添加',
+  'Items stay independent after placement, so moving or rotating them will not snap them back.':
+    '设施放置后保持独立，移动或旋转时不会自动复位。',
+  'Road graph data': '道路图数据',
+  'Import creates a new road; select one to replace or export it.':
+    '导入会新建道路；选择已有道路可替换或导出。',
+  'Copy JSON': '复制 JSON',
+  'Import JSON': '导入 JSON',
+  'Review cleanup': '检查清理结果',
+  'Roadway and area heads': '道路与区域灯具',
+  'Street light': '道路灯',
+  'Post-top': '柱顶灯',
+  "Bishop's Crook": '弯臂古典灯',
+  'Cobra-head': '眼镜蛇头路灯',
+  'Twin-arm median': '中央双臂灯',
+  'Area pole': '区域高杆灯',
+  'Truss roadway': '桁架道路灯',
+  'roadway styles': '道路照明样式',
+  'pedestrian styles': '步行区照明样式',
+  'structure styles': '建筑结构照明样式',
+  'High-mast lowering crown': '升降式高杆灯盘',
+  'LED area pole': 'LED 区域高杆灯',
+  'Floodlight pole': '投光灯杆',
+  'Solar street light': '太阳能路灯',
+  'Traditional lantern': '传统灯笼',
+  'Globe / acorn': '球形 / 橡果灯',
+  'Decorative candelabra': '装饰烛台灯',
+  'Path / garden': '步道 / 庭院灯',
+  Bollard: '柱式灯',
+  'Catenary / suspended': '悬索 / 吊装灯',
+  'Architectural wall-arm': '建筑壁臂灯',
+  'Wall-pack / bulkhead': '壁装 / 舱壁灯',
+  'Tunnel / underpass': '隧道 / 地道灯',
+  'Canopy / soffit': '雨棚 / 檐底灯',
+  'Utility network': '市政管网',
+  'Utility pole': '电线杆',
+  'Traffic control': '交通控制',
+  'Traffic signal': '交通信号灯',
+  'Traffic signals': '交通信号灯',
+  Drainage: '排水设施',
+  'Drainage grate': '排水篦子',
+  'Drainage grates': '排水篦子',
+  'Manhole cover': '井盖',
+  'Manhole covers': '井盖',
+  'Fire safety': '消防安全',
+  'Fire hydrant': '消防栓',
+  'Fire hydrants': '消防栓',
+  'Traffic safety': '交通安全',
+  'Traffic bollard': '防撞柱',
+  'Traffic bollards': '防撞柱',
+  'Road barrier': '道路护栏',
+  'Road barriers': '道路护栏',
+  'Cleanup review': '清理复核',
+  'This road graph is already clean at the shown tolerances.': '当前道路图在所示容差下无需清理。',
+  'Apply changes': '应用变更',
+  'Select one road network first.': '请先选择一个道路网。',
+  'Clipboard access was not available.': '无法访问剪贴板。',
+  'No cleanup changes are needed.': '无需执行清理变更。',
+  'The reviewed road is no longer selected.': '已复核的道路当前未被选中。',
+  'Open a level before importing roads.': '导入道路前请先打开一个楼层。',
+  'Road import failed.': '道路导入失败。',
+  'Restore default road styles': '恢复默认道路样式',
+  'The graph had no usable style presets, so the built-in road styles will be restored.':
+    '道路图中没有可用的样式预设，将恢复内置道路样式。',
+  'Repair active road style': '修复当前道路样式',
+  'One or both endpoint nodes are missing.': '一个或两个端点节点缺失。',
+  'The edge loops back to the same node.': '该边回连到同一节点。',
+  'Regenerate editable junction classification, primary-road candidates, and curb corners from the cleaned topology.':
+    '根据清理后的拓扑重新生成可编辑的交叉口分类、主路候选项和路缘转角。',
+  'Remove the obsolete junction record because this node is no longer a multi-approach junction.':
+    '该节点已不是多进口交叉口，将删除过期的交叉口记录。',
+  'Residential frontage': '住宅临街设施',
+  Driveway: '车道出入口',
+  Mailbox: '信箱',
+  'Parcel box': '快递箱',
+  'Recycling bin': '回收箱',
+  'Driveway gate': '车道门',
+  'Traffic calming': '交通稳静化',
+  'Speed hump': '减速带',
+  'Common signs': '常用标志',
+  Stop: '停车让行',
+  Yield: '减速让行',
+  'Speed limit': '限速',
+  'No entry': '禁止驶入',
+  'No parking': '禁止停车',
+  'Pedestrian crossing': '人行横道',
+  'General warning': '一般警告',
+  Directional: '指路标志',
+  'Choose a lamp, then click the ground to place it.': '选择灯具，然后点击地面放置。',
+  'Choose a sign, then click the ground to place it.': '选择标志，然后点击地面放置。',
+  'Choose a utility asset, then click the ground to place it.': '选择市政设施，然后点击地面放置。',
+  WebXR: 'WebXR',
+  'VR session active': 'VR 会话已启用',
+  'Starting VR…': '正在启动 VR…',
+  'Immersive VR is not supported on this device': '此设备不支持沉浸式 VR',
+  'Could not start VR': '无法启动 VR',
+  'Ready to enter VR': '可以进入 VR',
+  'Preparing VR…': '正在准备 VR…',
+  'VR unavailable': 'VR 不可用',
+  'Entering VR…': '正在进入 VR…',
+  'Starting view': '初始视角',
+  God: '俯瞰',
+  Human: '人视',
+  'Start above the model. Move, rotate, and scale it with your controllers.':
+    '从模型上方开始，用控制器移动、旋转和缩放模型。',
+  'Choose a clear floor in VR, then confirm your target to explore at full scale.':
+    '在 VR 中选择无障碍地面，确认目标后以真实尺度漫游。',
+  'Change the current mode from VR Settings.': '可在 VR 设置中切换当前模式。',
+  'Controls guide': '操作指南',
+  'Select and place': '选择与放置',
+  'Point at an item or control, then press the trigger. With hand tracking, pinch to select.':
+    '指向物件或控件并扣动扳机；使用手部追踪时，捏合即可选择。',
+  'Move the panel': '移动面板',
+  'Grab the panel’s drag handle with the trigger or a pinch, then move it.':
+    '用扳机或捏合抓住面板拖柄，然后移动。',
+  'Scroll settings': '滚动设置',
+  'Hold the trigger or pinch over a list and drag. Tap a section heading to collapse it.':
+    '在列表上按住扳机或捏合并拖动；点击分区标题可折叠。',
+  'God mode': '俯瞰模式',
+  'Hold one controller grip to move the model. Hold both grips and move your hands to scale and rotate it.':
+    '按住单侧握把移动模型；按住两侧握把并移动双手，可缩放和旋转模型。',
+  'Human mode': '人视模式',
+  'Use the left thumbstick to move and the right thumbstick to turn.':
+    '使用左摇杆移动，右摇杆转向。',
+  'Switch modes': '切换模式',
+  'Use the XR scale control in VR Settings, or press X on a supported left controller. To enter Human mode, place a target on a clear floor, then confirm Enter.':
+    '使用 VR 设置中的 XR 比例控件，或按受支持左控制器上的 X 键。进入人视模式时，请先在无障碍地面放置目标，再确认进入。',
+  'Connect a compatible headset and use a WebXR-enabled browser over HTTPS.':
+    '请连接兼容头显，并通过 HTTPS 使用支持 WebXR 的浏览器。',
+  'All plugins': '全部插件',
+  Installed: '已安装',
+  'Not installed': '未安装',
+  'Add focused tools and content to this project.': '为当前项目添加专业工具和内容。',
+  'Plugin ID': '插件 ID',
+  Creator: '开发者',
+  Plugin: '插件',
+  'View plugin': '查看插件',
+  Install: '安装',
+  Uninstall: '卸载',
+  'Create a Pascal plugin': '创建 Pascal 插件',
+  'Adds a new tool panel to the editor.': '向编辑器添加新的工具面板。',
+  'Procedural trees, flowers, and grasses for outdoor scenes.':
+    '用于户外场景的程序化树木、花卉和草地。',
+  'Terrain surfaces, ground cover, ponds, and terrain-carved rivers.':
+    '地表、地被、池塘及地形切割河流工具。',
+  'Design and place swimming pools with animated water.': '设计并放置带动态水面的泳池。',
+  'Procedural systems and assets for building complete outdoor streetscapes.':
+    '用于构建完整户外街景的程序化系统与资产。',
+  'Enter an immersive WebXR session from the editor.': '从编辑器进入沉浸式 WebXR 会话。',
+  Bones: '建筑透视',
+  'Alpha access — new and evolving fast. The engineering X-ray for Pascal: see through the finishes to the actual construction — wall framing, floors, roof, foundation, and electrical, derived from your model and sized to your jurisdiction.':
+    'Alpha 预览功能，仍在快速迭代。用于透视饰面并查看模型推导的墙体骨架、楼板、屋顶、基础和电气系统。',
+  'Generate, browse and add Mint 3D assets.': '生成、浏览并添加 Mint 3D 资产。',
+  Snapping: '吸附',
+  Grid: '网格',
+  Lines: '参考线',
+  Angles: '角度',
+  On: '开启',
+  Off: '关闭',
+  'Grid step': '网格步长',
+  Continuation: '连续绘制',
+  'Room (auto-close)': '房间（自动闭合）',
+  'Single wall': '单段墙',
+  'Shape: Line': '形状：直线',
+  'Shape: Rectangle': '形状：矩形',
+  'Set wall start / end': '设置墙体起点/终点',
+  Cancel: '取消',
+  Pan: '平移',
+  Rotate: '旋转',
+  Zoom: '缩放',
+  'Left click': '左键',
+  'Middle click': '中键',
+  'Right click': '右键',
+  Scroll: '滚轮',
+  'Scroll wheel': '滚轮',
+  Space: '空格',
+  Dismiss: '关闭',
+  'Camera controls hint': '相机操作提示',
+  'Dismiss camera controls hint': '关闭相机操作提示',
+  'Ground Floor': '首层',
+  'Add or remove objects from the selection': '将对象加入选择或从选择中移除',
+  'Click or drag the selection to move it as one': '点击或拖动选中对象以整体移动',
+  'Rotate the selection ±45°': '将选中对象旋转 ±45°',
+  'Group selection (session only)': '临时编组选中对象',
+  'Ungroup session selection': '取消临时编组',
+  'Clear the selection (or click outside)': '清除选择（或点击空白处）',
+  'Clear the selection': '清除选择',
+  'Level height': '层高',
+  'Add level above': '在上方添加楼层',
+  'Add level below': '在下方添加楼层',
+  'Insert level here': '在此插入楼层',
+  'Drag to reorder': '拖动调整顺序',
+  'Align view to north': '视图对齐北向',
+  Zone: '区域',
+  Delete: '删除',
+  Measure: '测量',
+  Distance: '距离',
+  Angle: '角度',
+  Area: '面积',
+  Perimeter: '周长',
+  Volume: '体积',
+  Smart: '智能',
+  'Measurement options': '测量选项',
+  'Measurement type': '测量类型',
+  'Floor plan': '平面图',
+  'Linear dimension': '线性标注',
+  'Continuous dimension': '连续标注',
+  'Radius dimension': '半径标注',
+  'Diameter dimension': '直径标注',
+  'Center mark': '圆心标记',
+  'Chord dimension': '弦长标注',
+  'Arc length': '弧长标注',
+  'Angular dimension': '角度标注',
+  'Coordinate dimensions': '坐标标注',
+  'Orbit Left': '向左旋转',
+  'Orbit Right': '向右旋转',
+  'Top View': '俯视图',
+  References: '参考图',
+  Visible: '显示',
+  Hidden: '隐藏',
+  'Reference settings': '参考图设置',
+  Measurements: '测量标注',
+  '3D measurements': '3D 测量标注',
+  'Floor plan mode': '平面图模式',
+  Default: '默认',
+  Expert: '专业',
+  'Clean plan; dimensions appear with selection': '简洁平面图；选中对象时显示尺寸',
+  'Full documentation and annotation controls': '完整显示制图与标注控件',
+  'Floor plan annotations': '平面图标注',
+  'Automatic dimensions': '自动尺寸',
+  'Manual dimensions': '手动尺寸',
+  'Door/window marks': '门窗标记',
+  'Structural grids & column centers': '结构轴网与柱中心',
+  'Room labels': '房间标签',
+  'Stair annotations': '楼梯标注',
+  'Wall dimensions': '墙体尺寸基准',
+  'Finished faces': '完成面',
+  'Full wall thickness': '墙体完整厚度',
+  'Wall centerline': '墙体中心线',
+  'Single wall axis': '单一墙体轴线',
+  'Face of stud': '龙骨表面',
+  'Structural core face': '结构芯层表面',
+  'Magnetic snap': '磁性吸附',
+  Shadows: '阴影',
+  Camera: '相机',
+  Perspective: '透视',
+  Orthographic: '正交',
+  Units: '单位',
+  Meters: '米',
+  Millimeters: '毫米',
+  'Feet & inches': '英尺与英寸',
+  Render: '渲染',
+  Solid: '实体',
+  Rendered: '渲染效果',
+  'Flat and fast — no ambient occlusion': '平整快速，不启用环境光遮蔽',
+  'Full ambient occlusion': '完整环境光遮蔽',
+  Edges: '边线',
+  Soft: '柔和',
+  Strong: '清晰',
+  'No edge lines': '不显示边线',
+  'Faint outline of major creases': '淡化显示主要折线',
+  'Crisp, opaque edge lines': '清晰、不透明的边线',
+  Theme: '主题',
+  Studio: '影棚',
+  Paper: '纸面',
+  Sunset: '日落',
+  Overcast: '阴天',
+  Blueprint: '蓝图',
+  'Enter VR': '进入 VR',
+  'Exit VR': '退出 VR',
+  'Entering VR': '正在进入 VR',
+  'Preparing VR': '正在准备 VR',
+  'Immersive VR is unavailable. Connect a headset and open the editor over HTTPS.':
+    '沉浸式 VR 当前不可用。请连接头显，并通过 HTTPS 打开编辑器。',
+  Back: '返回',
+  Untitled: '未命名',
+  Site: '场地',
+  Building: '建筑',
+  'Property Line': '用地边界',
+  'Add point': '添加顶点',
+  'Camera snapshot': '相机快照',
+  'View snapshot': '查看快照',
+  'Update snapshot': '更新快照',
+  'Take snapshot': '创建快照',
+  'Clear snapshot': '清除快照',
+  'Upload scan/floorplan': '上传扫描模型/平面图',
+  Uploading: '正在上传',
+  scan: '扫描模型',
+  guide: '参考图',
+  'Base elevation': '基准标高',
+  'Add level': '添加楼层',
+  'No levels yet': '暂无楼层',
+  'New unit': '新建单元',
+  'Building units': '单元',
+  Structure: '结构',
+  Furnish: '陈设',
+  Zones: '分区',
+  'objects selected': '个对象已选中',
+  'Clear selection': '清除选择',
+  'Select a level to view content': '请选择楼层以查看内容',
+  'No zones on this level.': '本层暂无分区。',
+  'Add one': '添加分区',
+  'No elements on this level': '本层暂无构件',
+  'No buildings yet': '暂无建筑',
+  Levels: '楼层',
+  Visibility: '可见性',
+  Scans: '扫描模型',
+  Guides: '参考图',
+  'Guide images': '参考图像',
+  'guide image': '参考图像',
+  'This level': '本层',
+  Hide: '隐藏',
+  Show: '显示',
+  Opacity: '不透明度',
+  'Upload scan or guide image': '上传扫描模型或参考图像',
+  'Upload GLB meshes as scan references or blueprint images as guide references.':
+    '上传 GLB 网格作为扫描参考，或上传蓝图图像作为参考底图。',
+  'File is too large. Maximum size is 200 MB.': '文件过大，最大支持 200 MB。',
+  'Upload a .glb/.gltf scan or an image.': '请上传 .glb/.gltf 扫描模型或图像。',
+  'Could not add that guide image.': '无法添加该参考图像。',
+  'Scan upload is unavailable.': '当前无法上传扫描模型。',
+  'Open a project before uploading a scan.': '请先打开项目，再上传扫描模型。',
+  'Reference floor': '参考楼层',
+  'Reference floor settings': '参考楼层设置',
+  'Hide reference floor': '隐藏参考楼层',
+  'Show reference floor': '显示参考楼层',
+  'level below': '层（下方）',
+  'No lower floor available.': '没有可用的下层楼层。',
+  Colors: '颜色',
+  Colored: '彩色',
+  Monochrome: '单色',
+  Stacked: '叠层',
+  Exploded: '分解',
+  Solo: '单层',
+  Manual: '手动',
+  Walls: '墙体',
+  Walkthrough: '漫游',
+  'Orbit left': '向左旋转',
+  'Orbit right': '向右旋转',
+  'Top view': '俯视图',
+  'Display settings': '显示设置',
+  'Full height': '全高墙',
+  Cutaway: '剖切墙',
+  Low: '矮墙',
+  Wall: '墙体',
+  Fence: '围栏',
+  Item: '物件',
+  Slab: '楼板',
+  Ceiling: '吊顶',
+  Roof: '屋顶',
+  'Roof Segment': '屋顶分段',
+  'Viewer layout': '视图布局',
+  Split: '分屏',
+  'Snapping mode — click or press Shift to cycle': '吸附模式：点击或按 Shift 切换',
+  'Grid step — click or tap Ctrl to cycle': '网格步长：点击或按 Ctrl 切换',
+  'Continuation — click or press C to cycle': '连续绘制：点击或按 C 切换',
+}
+
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'pascal.locale'
+
+export function translate(locale: Locale, key: MessageKey): string {
+  return messages[locale][key]
+}
+
+export function translateDisplayText(locale: Locale, text: string): string {
+  if (locale !== 'zh-CN') return text
+  const floor = text.match(/^Floor (\d+)$/)
+  if (floor) return `${floor[1]} 层`
+  const basement = text.match(/^Basement (\d+)$/)
+  if (basement) return `地下 ${basement[1]} 层`
+  const pointCount = text.match(/^(\d+) \/ 128 points$/)
+  if (pointCount) return `${pointCount[1]} / 128 个点`
+  const selectedPointCount = text.match(/^(\d+) points$/)
+  if (selectedPointCount) return `${selectedPointCount[1]} 个点`
+  const registeredPointCount = text.match(
+    /^(\d+) points registered\. The river is ready to finish\.$/,
+  )
+  if (registeredPointCount) return `已设置 ${registeredPointCount[1]} 个点，可以完成河流。`
+  let match = text.match(
+    /^Drainage reserves ([\d.]+) m gutters; hydrants reserve a ([\d.]+) m roadside verge\.$/,
+  )
+  if (match) return `排水设施预留 ${match[1]} m 路缘排水带；消防栓预留 ${match[2]} m 路侧绿化带。`
+  match = text.match(/^([\d.]+) m plan · ([\d.]+) m vertical$/)
+  if (match) return `平面容差 ${match[1]} m · 竖向容差 ${match[2]} m`
+  match = text.match(/^(\d+) changes$/)
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 项变更`
+  match = text.match(/^(\d+) validation issues? will remain after cleanup\.$/)
+  if (match) return `清理后仍将保留 ${match[1]} 项验证问题。`
+  match = text.match(/^(\d+) road segments? selected$/)
+  if (match) return `已选择 ${match[1]} 个道路分段`
+  match = text.match(/^Copied (\d+) road segments? as JSON\.$/)
+  if (match) return `已将 ${match[1]} 个道路分段复制为 JSON。`
+  match = text.match(/^Review (\d+) proposed cleanup changes? before applying\.$/)
+  if (match) return `应用前请复核 ${match[1]} 项清理变更。`
+  match = text.match(/^Applied (\d+) reviewed cleanup changes?\.$/)
+  if (match) return `已应用 ${match[1]} 项经复核的清理变更。`
+  match = text.match(/^(?:Replaced the selected road with|Imported) (\d+) road segments?\.$/)
+  if (match)
+    return `${text.startsWith('Replaced') ? '已替换选中道路，共' : '已导入'} ${match[1]} 个道路分段。`
+  match = text.match(/^Remove edge (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `移除边 ${match[1]}`
+  match = text.match(/^Repair style on (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `修复 ${match[1]} 的样式`
+  match = text.match(/^Merge node (.+) into (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `将节点 ${match[1]} 合并到 ${match[2]}`
+  match = text.match(/^Snap (.+) to (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `将 ${match[1]} 吸附到 ${match[2]}`
+  match = text.match(/^Create crossing at (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `在 ${match[1]} 创建交叉口`
+  match = text.match(/^Remove isolated node (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `移除孤立节点 ${match[1]}`
+  match = text.match(/^Rebuild junction (.+)$/)
+  if (match) return `重建交叉口 ${match[1]}`
+  match = text.match(/^Its plan length is below ([\d.]+) m\.$/)
+  if (match) return `其平面长度小于 ${match[1]} m。`
+  match = text.match(/^It duplicates edge (.+)\.$/)
+  if (match) return `它与边 ${match[1]} 重复。`
+  match = text.match(/^Replace missing active style (.+) with (.+)\.$/)
+  if (match) return `将缺失的当前样式 ${match[1]} 替换为 ${match[2]}。`
+  match = text.match(/^Replace missing style (.+) with (.+)\.$/)
+  if (match) return `将缺失的样式 ${match[1]} 替换为 ${match[2]}。`
+  match = text.match(
+    /^The nodes are ([\d.]+) m apart at a compatible level\. Incident edges and junction state will use (.+)\.$/,
+  )
+  if (match) return `节点在兼容标高下相距 ${match[1]} m；关联边和交叉口状态将使用 ${match[2]}。`
+  match = text.match(
+    /^Move the dangling endpoint ([\d.]+) m to the compatible road centerline and split that edge at the new T-junction\.$/,
+  )
+  if (match) return `将悬空端点移动 ${match[1]} m 至兼容的道路中心线，并在新 T 形交叉口处分割该边。`
+  match = text.match(
+    /^Split (.+) and (.+) at their same-level centerline crossing and connect all four approaches\.$/,
+  )
+  if (match) return `在 ${match[1]} 与 ${match[2]} 的同标高中心线交点处分割，并连接四个进口。`
+  match = text.match(
+    /^No road edge references this node(; its stale junction record is removed too)?\.$/,
+  )
+  if (match)
+    return match[1]
+      ? '没有道路边引用此节点；其过期的交叉口记录也将删除。'
+      : '没有道路边引用此节点。'
+  match = text.match(/^(.*) Also removes (\d+) attached asset references?\.$/)
+  if (match)
+    return `${translateDisplayText(locale, match[1]!)}同时移除 ${match[2]} 个关联资产引用。`
+  return displayMessages[text] ?? text
+}
+
+type I18nValue = {
+  locale: Locale
+  setLocale: (locale: Locale) => void
+  t: (key: MessageKey) => string
+  translateDisplayText: (text: string) => string
+}
+
+const I18nContext = createContext<I18nValue | null>(null)
+
+export function I18nProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const [locale, setLocale] = useState<Locale>('en')
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const saved = localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY)
+    const next =
+      saved === 'en' || saved === 'zh-CN'
+        ? saved
+        : navigator.language.startsWith('zh')
+          ? 'zh-CN'
+          : 'en'
+    setLocale(next)
+  }, [])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    document.documentElement.lang = locale
+    localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, locale)
+    document.cookie = `${STORAGE_KEY}=${locale}; path=/; max-age=31536000; samesite=lax`
+  }, [locale])
+
+  const value = useMemo<I18nValue>(
+    () => ({
+      locale,
+      setLocale,
+      t: (key) => translate(locale, key),
+      translateDisplayText: (text) => translateDisplayText(locale, text),
+    }),
+    [locale],
+  )
+
+  return <I18nContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</I18nContext.Provider>
+}
+
+export function useI18n(): I18nValue {
+  const value = useContext(I18nContext)
+  if (!value) throw new Error('useI18n must be used inside I18nProvider')
+  return value
+}
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/editor/index.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/editor/index.tsx
index c001f82113..3cefe9b7f6 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/editor/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/editor/index.tsx
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import { type SaveStatus, useAutoSave } from '../../hooks/use-auto-save'
 import { useKeyboard } from '../../hooks/use-keyboard'
 import { useSaveShortcut } from '../../hooks/use-save-shortcut'
 import { useCeilingEditSessionOwner } from '../../lib/ceiling-edit-session'
+import { DisplayTextProvider, useDisplayText } from '../../lib/display-text'
 import { showsWholeBuilding, useEditorLevelDisplay } from '../../lib/editor-level-display'
 import { useGestureLifecycleOwner } from '../../lib/gesture-lifecycle'
 import {
@@ -196,6 +197,8 @@ export interface EditorProps {
   sidebarTabs?: (SidebarTab & { component: React.ComponentType })[]
   viewerToolbarLeft?: ReactNode
   viewerToolbarRight?: ReactNode
+  /** Translates display-only labels without changing scene or registry values. */
+  translateDisplayText?: (text: string) => string
   /**
    * Full-bleed surface swapped in over the 3D canvas (v2) — e.g. the studio
    * gallery. The canvas stays mounted underneath (no WebGL re-init) and the
@@ -506,18 +509,20 @@ function writeCameraControlsHintDismissed(dismissed: boolean) {
 }
 
 function InlineShortcutKey({ shortcutKey }: { shortcutKey: ShortcutKey }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const meta = CAMERA_SHORTCUT_KEY_META[shortcutKey.value]
+  const label = t(meta?.label ?? shortcutKey.value)
 
   if (meta?.icon) {
     return (
       <span
-        aria-label={meta.label}
+        aria-label={label}
         className="inline-flex items-center text-foreground/90"
         role="img"
-        title={meta.label}
+        title={label}
       >
         <Icon aria-hidden="true" color="currentColor" height={16} icon={meta.icon} width={16} />
-        <span className="sr-only">{meta.label}</span>
+        <span className="sr-only">{label}</span>
       </span>
     )
   }
@@ -543,10 +548,11 @@ function ShortcutSequence({ keys }: { keys: ShortcutKey[] }) {
 }
 
 function CameraControlHintItem({ hint }: { hint: CameraControlHint }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col items-center gap-1.5 px-4 text-center first:pl-0 last:pr-0">
       <span className="font-medium text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/60 tracking-[0.03em]">
-        {hint.action}
+        {t(hint.action)}
       </span>
       <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-center gap-1.5">
         <ShortcutSequence keys={hint.keys} />
@@ -562,6 +568,7 @@ function CameraControlHintItem({ hint }: { hint: CameraControlHint }) {
 }
 
 function ViewerCanvasControlsHint({ onDismiss }: { onDismiss: () => void }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const all = CAMERA_CONTROL_HINTS
   // A host teaching one gesture at a time narrows this to the one it is asking
   // for, and to nothing once it is done. Null — the default — is all of them.
@@ -575,7 +582,7 @@ function ViewerCanvasControlsHint({ onDismiss }: { onDismiss: () => void }) {
   return (
     <div className="pointer-events-none absolute top-14 left-1/2 z-40 max-w-[calc(100%-2rem)] -translate-x-1/2">
       <section
-        aria-label="Camera controls hint"
+        aria-label={t('Camera controls hint')}
         className="pointer-events-auto flex items-start gap-3 rounded-2xl border border-border/35 bg-background/90 px-3.5 py-2.5 shadow-elevation-4 backdrop-blur-xl"
       >
         <div
@@ -589,7 +596,7 @@ function ViewerCanvasControlsHint({ onDismiss }: { onDismiss: () => void }) {
         <Tooltip>
           <TooltipTrigger asChild>
             <button
-              aria-label="Dismiss camera controls hint"
+              aria-label={t('Dismiss camera controls hint')}
               className="flex h-5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center self-center border-border/18 border-l pl-3 text-muted-foreground/70 transition-colors hover:text-foreground"
               onClick={onDismiss}
               type="button"
@@ -604,7 +611,7 @@ function ViewerCanvasControlsHint({ onDismiss }: { onDismiss: () => void }) {
             </button>
           </TooltipTrigger>
           <TooltipContent side="bottom" sideOffset={8}>
-            Dismiss
+            {t('Dismiss')}
           </TooltipContent>
         </Tooltip>
       </section>
@@ -1812,7 +1819,9 @@ function EditorContent({
 export default function Editor(props: EditorProps) {
   return (
     <Profiler id="editor" onRender={recordEditorRender}>
-      <EditorContent {...props} />
+      <DisplayTextProvider translate={props.translateDisplayText}>
+        <EditorContent {...props} />
+      </DisplayTextProvider>
     </Profiler>
   )
 }
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/camera-actions.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/camera-actions.tsx
index 5455095f82..f8ffeccc20 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/camera-actions.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/camera-actions.tsx
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
 
 import { emitter } from '@pascal-app/core'
 import Image from 'next/image'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 import useEditor from '../../../store/use-editor'
 import { ActionButton } from './action-button'
 
 export function CameraActions({ hideOrbit = false }: { hideOrbit?: boolean }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   // Orbit stays useful in 2D-only (it spins the synced floorplan view), but
   // top view only tilts the hidden 3D camera — pointless without the canvas.
   const is2dOnly = useEditor((s) => s.viewMode === '2d')
@@ -29,13 +31,13 @@ export function CameraActions({ hideOrbit = false }: { hideOrbit?: boolean }) {
           {/* Orbit CCW */}
           <ActionButton
             className="group hover:bg-white/5"
-            label="Orbit Left"
+            label={t('Orbit Left')}
             onClick={orbitCCW}
             size="icon"
             variant="ghost"
           >
             <Image
-              alt="Orbit Left"
+              alt={t('Orbit Left')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] -scale-x-100 object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
               height={28}
               src="/icons/rotate.webp"
@@ -46,13 +48,13 @@ export function CameraActions({ hideOrbit = false }: { hideOrbit?: boolean }) {
           {/* Orbit CW */}
           <ActionButton
             className="group hover:bg-white/5"
-            label="Orbit Right"
+            label={t('Orbit Right')}
             onClick={orbitCW}
             size="icon"
             variant="ghost"
           >
             <Image
-              alt="Orbit Right"
+              alt={t('Orbit Right')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
               height={28}
               src="/icons/rotate.webp"
@@ -66,13 +68,13 @@ export function CameraActions({ hideOrbit = false }: { hideOrbit?: boolean }) {
       {!is2dOnly && (
         <ActionButton
           className="group hover:bg-white/5"
-          label="Top View"
+          label={t('Top View')}
           onClick={goToTopView}
           size="icon"
           variant="ghost"
         >
           <Image
-            alt="Top View"
+            alt={t('Top View')}
             className="h-[28px] w-[28px] object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
             height={28}
             src="/icons/topview.webp"
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/measurement-control.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/measurement-control.tsx
index bd8c85f83d..7ce4f8c66e 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/measurement-control.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/measurement-control.tsx
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   Waypoints,
 } from 'lucide-react'
 import { useState } from 'react'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 import type { CreatableMeasurementKind } from '../../../lib/measurement-kind'
 import { cn } from '../../../lib/utils'
 import useEditor from '../../../store/use-editor'
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ const constructionDimensionOptions = [
 }[]
 
 export function MeasurementControl() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false)
   const mode = useEditor((state) => state.mode)
   const tool = useEditor((state) => state.tool)
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
     : isSmartActive
       ? 'Smart'
       : selectedOption.label
+  const measureLabel = `${t('Measure')}: ${t(selectedLabel)}`
 
   const activateMeasurement = (kind: CreatableMeasurementKind) => {
     setLastMeasurementKind(kind)
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
     <Popover onOpenChange={setIsOpen} open={isOpen}>
       <div className="flex items-center">
         <ActionButton
-          aria-label={`Measure: ${selectedLabel}`}
+          aria-label={measureLabel}
           aria-pressed={isControlActive}
           className={cn(
             'rounded-r-none p-0 text-muted-foreground',
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
               ? 'bg-cyan-500/20 text-cyan-400 hover:bg-cyan-500/20'
               : 'hover:bg-cyan-500/15 hover:text-cyan-400',
           )}
-          label={`Measure: ${selectedLabel}`}
+          label={measureLabel}
           onClick={handlePrimaryClick}
           shortcut="M"
           size="icon"
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
           <button
             aria-expanded={isOpen}
             aria-haspopup="menu"
-            aria-label="Measurement options"
+            aria-label={t('Measurement options')}
             className={cn(
               'flex h-11 w-6 items-center justify-center rounded-r-lg text-muted-foreground transition-colors',
               isOpen
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
         side="top"
         sideOffset={14}
       >
-        <div aria-label="Measurement type" className="space-y-1" role="menu">
+        <div aria-label={t('Measurement type')} className="space-y-1" role="menu">
           {measurementMenuOptions.map((option) => {
             const OptionIcon = option.icon
             const isSmart = option.kind === 'smart'
@@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
                 type="button"
               >
                 <OptionIcon aria-hidden="true" className="h-4 w-4" />
-                <span>{option.label}</span>
+                <span>{t(option.label)}</span>
                 {isSelected ? <Check aria-hidden="true" className="ml-auto h-4 w-4" /> : null}
               </button>
             )
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
             <>
               <div className="my-1.5 h-px bg-border/60" />
               <div className="px-2.5 pt-1 pb-0.5 font-semibold text-[10px] text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wider">
-                Floor plan
+                {t('Floor plan')}
               </div>
 
               {constructionDimensionOptions.map((option) => {
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ export function MeasurementControl() {
                     type="button"
                   >
                     <OptionIcon aria-hidden="true" className="h-4 w-4" />
-                    <span>{option.label}</span>
+                    <span>{t(option.label)}</span>
                     {isSelected ? <Check aria-hidden="true" className="ml-auto h-4 w-4" /> : null}
                   </button>
                 )
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/view-toggles.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/view-toggles.tsx
index e3023323cf..8aa80beb78 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/view-toggles.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/action-menu/view-toggles.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { Check, ChevronDown, Eye, EyeOff, Layers2, Plus, Trash2, Waypoints } fro
 import { useCallback, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow'
 import { getLevelDisplayName } from '@pascal-app/core'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 import { createLocalGuideImage } from '../../../lib/local-guide-image'
 import { cn } from '../../../lib/utils'
 import useEditor from '../../../store/use-editor'
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ function useLowerReferenceLevels(): LevelNode[] {
 // ── Shared upload button for dropdowns ──────────────────────────────────────
 
 function UploadButton({ onError }: { onError: (message: string | null) => void }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
   const levelId = useViewer((s) => s.selection.levelId)
   const setSelection = useViewer((s) => s.setSelection)
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ function UploadButton({ onError }: { onError: (message: string | null) => void }
       onError(null)
 
       if (file.size > MAX_FILE_SIZE) {
-        onError('File is too large. Maximum size is 200 MB.')
+        onError(t('File is too large. Maximum size is 200 MB.'))
         return
       }
 
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ function UploadButton({ onError }: { onError: (message: string | null) => void }
         file.name.toLowerCase().endsWith('.glb') || file.name.toLowerCase().endsWith('.gltf')
       const isImage = file.type.startsWith('image/')
       if (!(isScan || isImage)) {
-        onError('Upload a .glb/.gltf scan or an image.')
+        onError(t('Upload a .glb/.gltf scan or an image.'))
         return
       }
 
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ function UploadButton({ onError }: { onError: (message: string | null) => void }
           setSelectedReferenceId(guide.id)
           setSelection({ selectedIds: [], zoneId: null })
         } catch {
-          onError('Could not add that guide image.')
+          onError(t('Could not add that guide image.'))
         } finally {
           setIsAddingGuide(false)
         }
@@ -129,26 +131,26 @@ function UploadButton({ onError }: { onError: (message: string | null) => void }
 
       const { uploadHandler } = useUploadStore.getState()
       if (!uploadHandler) {
-        onError('Scan upload is unavailable.')
+        onError(t('Scan upload is unavailable.'))
         return
       }
 
       const projectId = window.location.pathname.split('/editor/')[1]?.split('/')[0]
       if (!projectId) {
-        onError('Open a project before uploading a scan.')
+        onError(t('Open a project before uploading a scan.'))
         return
       }
 
       useUploadStore.getState().clearUpload(levelId)
       uploadHandler(projectId, levelId, file, 'scan')
     },
-    [createNode, levelId, onError, setSelectedReferenceId, setSelection, setShowGuides],
+    [createNode, levelId, onError, setSelectedReferenceId, setSelection, setShowGuides, t],
   )
 
   return (
     <>
       <button
-        aria-label="Upload scan or guide image"
+        aria-label={t('Upload scan or guide image')}
         className="flex h-6 w-6 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-border/40 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-white/10 hover:text-foreground"
         disabled={isAddingGuide}
         onClick={() => fileInputRef.current?.click()}
@@ -545,6 +547,7 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
   setShow: (show: boolean) => void
   onError: (message: string | null) => void
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const setSelection = useViewer((state) => state.setSelection)
   const updateNode = useScene((state) => state.updateNode)
   const deleteNode = useScene((state) => state.deleteNode)
@@ -568,16 +571,13 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
           <img alt="" className="h-4 w-4 object-contain" src={iconSrc} />
         </span>
         <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
-          <p className="font-medium text-foreground text-sm">{title}</p>
+          <p className="font-medium text-foreground text-sm">{t(title)}</p>
           {hasItems && (
-            <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-              {nodes.length} {noun}
-              {nodes.length !== 1 ? 's' : ''} on this level
-            </p>
+            <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t('This level')}: {nodes.length}</p>
           )}
         </div>
         <button
-          aria-label={show ? `Hide ${title.toLowerCase()}` : `Show ${title.toLowerCase()}`}
+          aria-label={`${t(show ? 'Hide' : 'Show')} ${t(title)}`}
           className="flex h-6 w-6 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-border/40 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-white/10 hover:text-foreground"
           onClick={() => setShow(!show)}
           type="button"
@@ -611,14 +611,14 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
                     src={iconSrc}
                   />
                   <p className="truncate font-medium text-foreground text-sm">
-                    {node.name || `${noun.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}${noun.slice(1)} ${index + 1}`}
+                    {node.name || `${t(noun)} ${index + 1}`}
                   </p>
                   {selectedReferenceId === node.id && (
                     <Check className="ml-auto h-3.5 w-3.5 shrink-0 text-foreground/80" />
                   )}
                 </button>
                 <button
-                  aria-label={`Delete ${noun}`}
+                  aria-label={`${t('Delete')} ${t(noun)}`}
                   className="flex h-5 w-5 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground/50 opacity-0 transition-all hover:bg-destructive/10 hover:text-destructive group-hover/item:opacity-100"
                   onClick={(event) => {
                     event.stopPropagation()
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
                 </button>
               </div>
               <SliderControl
-                label="Opacity"
+                label={t('Opacity')}
                 max={100}
                 min={0}
                 onChange={(value) =>
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
         </div>
       ) : (
         <div className="rounded-xl border border-border/45 border-dashed bg-background/60 px-3 py-3 text-muted-foreground text-sm">
-          {emptyText}
+          {t(emptyText)}
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
@@ -657,6 +657,7 @@ function ReferenceListSection({
 }
 
 function ReferencesControl() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const showScans = useViewer((state) => state.showScans)
   const setShowScans = useViewer((state) => state.setShowScans)
   const showGuides = useViewer((state) => state.showGuides)
@@ -685,14 +686,14 @@ function ReferencesControl() {
               ? 'bg-white/15'
               : 'opacity-60 grayscale hover:bg-white/5 hover:opacity-100 hover:grayscale-0',
           )}
-          label={`References: ${anyVisible ? 'Visible' : 'Hidden'}`}
+          label={`${t('References')}: ${t(anyVisible ? 'Visible' : 'Hidden')}`}
           onClick={toggleAll}
           size="icon"
           variant="ghost"
         >
           <div className="relative">
             <img
-              alt="References"
+              alt={t('References')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] object-contain"
               src="/icons/floorplan.webp"
             />
@@ -705,7 +706,7 @@ function ReferencesControl() {
         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
           <button
             aria-expanded={isOpen}
-            aria-label="Reference settings"
+            aria-label={t('Reference settings')}
             className={cn(
               'flex h-11 w-6 items-center justify-center rounded-r-lg transition-colors',
               anyVisible
@@ -765,6 +766,7 @@ function ReferencesControl() {
 // ── Reference floor control ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 function ReferenceFloorControl() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const showReferenceFloor = useEditor((state) => state.showReferenceFloor)
   const toggleReferenceFloor = useEditor((state) => state.toggleReferenceFloor)
   const referenceFloorOffset = useEditor((state) => state.referenceFloorOffset)
@@ -790,8 +792,8 @@ function ReferenceFloorControl() {
           disabled={!hasLowerLevels}
           label={
             selectedLevelName && showReferenceFloor
-              ? `Reference floor: ${selectedLevelName}`
-              : 'Reference floor'
+              ? `${t('Reference floor')}: ${selectedLevelName}`
+              : t('Reference floor')
           }
           onClick={() => {
             if (hasLowerLevels) toggleReferenceFloor()
@@ -810,7 +812,7 @@ function ReferenceFloorControl() {
         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
           <button
             aria-expanded={isOpen}
-            aria-label="Reference floor settings"
+            aria-label={t('Reference floor settings')}
             className={cn(
               'flex h-11 w-6 items-center justify-center rounded-r-lg transition-colors',
               showReferenceFloor && selectedLevel
@@ -841,13 +843,13 @@ function ReferenceFloorControl() {
               <Layers2 className="h-4 w-4" />
             </span>
             <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
-              <p className="font-medium text-foreground text-sm">Reference floor</p>
+              <p className="font-medium text-foreground text-sm">{t('Reference floor')}</p>
               {selectedLevelName && (
                 <p className="truncate text-muted-foreground text-xs">{selectedLevelName}</p>
               )}
             </div>
             <button
-              aria-label={showReferenceFloor ? 'Hide reference floor' : 'Show reference floor'}
+              aria-label={t(showReferenceFloor ? 'Hide reference floor' : 'Show reference floor')}
               className="flex h-6 w-6 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-border/40 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-white/10 hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-40"
               disabled={!hasLowerLevels}
               onClick={toggleReferenceFloor}
@@ -891,14 +893,16 @@ function ReferenceFloorControl() {
                         )}
                       />
                       <span className="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{levelName}</span>
-                      <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground">{index + 1} below</span>
+                      <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground">
+                        {index + 1} {t('level below')}
+                      </span>
                     </button>
                   )
                 })}
               </div>
 
               <SliderControl
-                label="Opacity"
+                label={t('Opacity')}
                 max={0.8}
                 min={0.1}
                 onChange={setReferenceFloorOpacity}
@@ -909,7 +913,7 @@ function ReferenceFloorControl() {
             </>
           ) : (
             <div className="rounded-xl border border-border/45 border-dashed bg-background/60 px-3 py-4 text-muted-foreground text-sm">
-              No lower floor available.
+              {t('No lower floor available.')}
             </div>
           )}
         </div>
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/floating-level-selector.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/floating-level-selector.tsx
index 905dc8ca63..51feb53719 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/floating-level-selector.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/floating-level-selector.tsx
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import {
 } from 'react'
 import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow'
 import { pasteSelectionAndPickUp } from '../editor/group-actions'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../lib/display-text'
 import {
   buildLevelDuplicateCreateOps,
   type LevelDuplicatePreset,
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ function LevelRow({
   onPaste?: () => void
   onRequestDelete: () => void
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const [duplicateDialogOpen, setDuplicateDialogOpen] = useState(false)
   const [isEditing, setIsEditing] = useState(false)
   const updateNode = useScene((s) => s.updateNode)
@@ -168,6 +170,7 @@ function LevelRow({
   // Same rule as the site panel and command palette: the ordinal-0 ground
   // floor is the vertical model's zero anchor and must never be deletable.
   const canDeleteLevel = level.level !== 0
+  const levelDisplayName = t(getLevelDisplayName(level))
 
   // Clean preset values per display system; imperial stores exact meters
   // for whole-foot storey heights.
@@ -203,7 +206,7 @@ function LevelRow({
         >
           <button
             {...dragHandleProps}
-            aria-label={`Reorder ${getLevelDisplayName(level)}`}
+            aria-label={`${t('Drag to reorder')}: ${levelDisplayName}`}
             className={cn(
               'ml-0.5 flex h-6 w-4 shrink-0 cursor-grab touch-none items-center justify-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground/35 opacity-0 transition-colors hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-primary/50 group-hover/level:opacity-100',
               isDragging && 'cursor-grabbing opacity-100',
@@ -213,7 +216,7 @@ function LevelRow({
               dragHandleProps?.onClick?.(e)
             }}
             ref={dragHandleRef}
-            title="Drag to reorder"
+            title={t('Drag to reorder')}
             type="button"
           >
             <GripVertical className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
@@ -226,10 +229,10 @@ function LevelRow({
               e.stopPropagation()
               setIsEditing(true)
             }}
-            title={getLevelDisplayName(level)}
+            title={levelDisplayName}
             type="button"
           >
-            <span className="truncate">{getLevelDisplayName(level)}</span>
+            <span className="truncate">{levelDisplayName}</span>
             {unitDotColor && (
               <span
                 className="ml-1.5 h-1.5 w-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full"
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ function LevelRow({
               <button
                 className="mr-0.5 shrink-0 whitespace-nowrap rounded px-1 py-0.5 font-mono text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/50 tabular-nums transition-colors hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-foreground"
                 onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
-                title="Level height"
+                title={t('Level height')}
                 type="button"
               >
                 {storeyHeightLabel}
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ function LevelRow({
               sideOffset={8}
             >
               <SliderControl
-                label="Level height"
+                label={t('Level height')}
                 max={20}
                 min={1}
                 onChange={(v) => updateNode(level.id, { height: v })}
@@ -448,6 +451,7 @@ function UnitFocusChip() {
 // ── Main component ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 export function FloatingLevelSelector() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const selectedBuildingId = useViewer((s) => s.selection.buildingId)
   const levelId = useViewer((s) => s.selection.levelId)
   const setSelection = useViewer((s) => s.setSelection)
@@ -643,7 +647,7 @@ export function FloatingLevelSelector() {
               // read only from outside: nothing here depends on it.
               data-guide-target="level-add"
               onClick={handleAddAbove}
-              title="Add level above"
+              title={t('Add level above')}
               type="button"
             >
               <Plus className="h-2.5 w-2.5" />
@@ -655,7 +659,7 @@ export function FloatingLevelSelector() {
             <button
               className={cn(addButtonClass, 'bottom-0 translate-y-1/2')}
               onClick={handleAddBelow}
-              title="Add level below"
+              title={t('Add level below')}
               type="button"
             >
               <Plus className="h-2.5 w-2.5" />
@@ -712,7 +716,7 @@ export function FloatingLevelSelector() {
                         <button
                           className={cn(addButtonClass, 'bottom-0 translate-y-1/2')}
                           onClick={() => handleInsertBetween(sortedIndex - 1)}
-                          title="Insert level here"
+                          title={t('Insert level here')}
                           type="button"
                         >
                           <Plus className="h-2.5 w-2.5" />
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/item-catalog/item-catalog.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/item-catalog/item-catalog.tsx
index 010545666b..129bf716d6 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/item-catalog/item-catalog.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/item-catalog/item-catalog.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import type { AssetInput } from '@pascal-app/core'
 import { resolveCdnUrl } from '@pascal-app/viewer'
 import { useEffect } from 'react'
+import { useDisplayText } from './../../../lib/display-text'
 import { triggerSFX } from './../../../lib/sfx-bus'
 import { cn } from './../../../lib/utils'
 import useEditor, { type CatalogCategory } from './../../../store/use-editor'
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ export function ItemCatalog({
   /** Rendered when there are no items to show. Replaces the empty grid. */
   emptyState?: React.ReactNode
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const selectedItem = useEditor((state) => state.selectedItem)
   const filteredItems = filterCatalogItems({ category, items: itemsOverride, overrideItems, search, activePlacementTag, activeFunctionalTag })
 
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ export function ItemCatalog({
           >
             <div className="relative aspect-square w-full overflow-hidden rounded-lg">
               <img
-                alt={item.name}
+                alt={t(item.name)}
                 className="h-full w-full object-cover"
                 loading="eager"
                 src={resolveCdnUrl(item.thumbnail) || ''}
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ export function ItemCatalog({
               )}
             </div>
             <span className="truncate px-0.5 text-left font-medium text-[11px] text-muted-foreground group-hover:text-foreground">
-              {item.name}
+              {t(item.name)}
             </span>
           </button>
         )
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/panels/mobile-panel-sheet.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/panels/mobile-panel-sheet.tsx
index bcad6df89e..8b5bca69c6 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/panels/mobile-panel-sheet.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/panels/mobile-panel-sheet.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { X } from 'lucide-react'
 import { AnimatePresence, motion } from 'motion/react'
 import { type ReactNode, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { createPortal } from 'react-dom'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 import useEditor from '../../../store/use-editor'
 import { NodeIconImage } from '../node-icon-image'
 
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ const HEIGHT_VH = 50
 const DRAG_CLOSE_THRESHOLD_PX = 120
 
 export function MobilePanelSheet({ open, onClose, icon, title, children }: MobilePanelSheetProps) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const [mounted, setMounted] = useState(false)
   const setMobilePanelSheetHeight = useEditor((s) => s.setMobilePanelSheetHeight)
 
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ export function MobilePanelSheet({ open, onClose, icon, title, children }: Mobil
               </h2>
             </div>
             <button
-              aria-label="Close"
+              aria-label={t('Close')}
               className="flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-md bg-[#2C2C2E] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-[#3e3e3e] hover:text-foreground"
               onClick={onClose}
               type="button"
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/dialog.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/dialog.tsx
index e88503f68e..f2ea847f51 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/dialog.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/dialog.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { XIcon } from 'lucide-react'
 import type * as React from 'react'
 
 import { cn } from '../../../lib/utils'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 
 function Dialog({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Root>) {
   return <DialogPrimitive.Root data-slot="dialog" {...props} />
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ function DialogContent({
 }: React.ComponentProps<typeof DialogPrimitive.Content> & {
   showCloseButton?: boolean
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <DialogPortal data-slot="dialog-portal">
       <DialogOverlay />
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ function DialogContent({
             data-slot="dialog-close"
           >
             <XIcon />
-            <span className="sr-only">Close</span>
+            <span className="sr-only">{t('Close')}</span>
           </DialogPrimitive.Close>
         )}
       </DialogPrimitive.Content>
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/sheet.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/sheet.tsx
index 0d367ea5a4..90d260d65f 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/sheet.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/sheet.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { XIcon } from 'lucide-react'
 import type * as React from 'react'
 
 import { cn } from '../../../lib/utils'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 
 function Sheet({ ...props }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Root>) {
   return <SheetPrimitive.Root data-slot="sheet" {...props} />
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ function SheetContent({
 }: React.ComponentProps<typeof SheetPrimitive.Content> & {
   side?: 'top' | 'right' | 'bottom' | 'left'
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <SheetPortal>
       <SheetOverlay />
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ function SheetContent({
         {children}
         <SheetPrimitive.Close className="absolute top-4 right-4 rounded-xs opacity-70 ring-offset-background transition-opacity hover:opacity-100 focus:outline-hidden focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring focus:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none data-[state=open]:bg-secondary">
           <XIcon className="size-4" />
-          <span className="sr-only">Close</span>
+          <span className="sr-only">{t('Close')}</span>
         </SheetPrimitive.Close>
       </SheetPrimitive.Content>
     </SheetPortal>
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/shortcut-token.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/shortcut-token.tsx
index 584b25c600..61f23b8e89 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/shortcut-token.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/primitives/shortcut-token.tsx
@@ -62,9 +62,16 @@ function shortcutDisplayValue(value: string): string {
 type ShortcutTokenProps = React.ComponentProps<'kbd'> & {
   value: string
   displayValue?: string
+  localizedLabel?: string
 }
 
-function ShortcutToken({ className, displayValue, value, ...props }: ShortcutTokenProps) {
+function ShortcutToken({
+  className,
+  displayValue,
+  localizedLabel,
+  value,
+  ...props
+}: ShortcutTokenProps) {
   const mouseShortcut =
     value in MOUSE_SHORTCUTS ? MOUSE_SHORTCUTS[value as keyof typeof MOUSE_SHORTCUTS] : null
   const isCommand = COMMAND_VALUES.has(value)
@@ -75,6 +82,7 @@ function ShortcutToken({ className, displayValue, value, ...props }: ShortcutTok
   return (
     <kbd
       aria-label={
+        localizedLabel ??
         mouseShortcut?.label ??
         (isCommand ? commandLabel : isShift ? 'Shift' : (displayValue ?? value))
       }
@@ -83,7 +91,7 @@ function ShortcutToken({ className, displayValue, value, ...props }: ShortcutTok
         (mouseShortcut || isShift) && 'justify-center px-1.5',
         className,
       )}
-      title={mouseShortcut?.label ?? (isCommand ? commandLabel : isShift ? 'Shift' : value)}
+      title={localizedLabel ?? mouseShortcut?.label ?? (isCommand ? commandLabel : isShift ? 'Shift' : value)}
       {...props}
     >
       {mouseShortcut ? (
@@ -96,7 +104,7 @@ function ShortcutToken({ className, displayValue, value, ...props }: ShortcutTok
             icon={mouseShortcut.icon}
             width={14}
           />
-          <span className="sr-only">{mouseShortcut.label}</span>
+          <span className="sr-only">{localizedLabel ?? mouseShortcut.label}</span>
         </>
       ) : isShift ? (
         // Icon rather than the ⇧ text glyph — the font renders the glyph's
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/items-panel/index.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/items-panel/index.tsx
index df81988a6f..578022e836 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/items-panel/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/items-panel/index.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type { AssetInput } from '@pascal-app/core'
 import NextImage from 'next/image'
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
 import { triggerSFX } from '../../../../../lib/sfx-bus'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../../../lib/display-text'
 import { cn } from '../../../../../lib/utils'
 import type { CatalogCategory } from '../../../../../store/use-editor'
 import useEditor from '../../../../../store/use-editor'
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ function LegacyItemsPanel({
   showSourceFilter?: boolean
   showTagFilters?: boolean
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const mode = useEditor((s) => s.mode)
   const catalogCategory = useEditor((s) => s.catalogCategory)
   const setMode = useEditor((s) => s.setMode)
@@ -215,13 +217,13 @@ function LegacyItemsPanel({
               type="button"
             >
               <NextImage
-                alt={cat.label}
+                alt={t(cat.label)}
                 className={cn('size-7 object-contain', !isActive && 'opacity-60 grayscale')}
                 height={28}
                 src={cat.iconSrc}
                 width={28}
               />
-              <span className="font-medium text-[10px] leading-none">{cat.label}</span>
+              <span className="font-medium text-[10px] leading-none">{t(cat.label)}</span>
             </button>
           )
         })}
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ function LegacyItemsPanel({
               setSearch(e.target.value)
               onSearchChange?.(e.target.value)
             }}
-            placeholder="Search..."
+            placeholder={t('Search...')}
             type="text"
             value={search}
           />
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ function LegacyItemsPanel({
                     onClick={() => setActiveSource(isActive ? null : chip.id)}
                     type="button"
                   >
-                    {chip.label}
+                    {t(chip.label)}
                   </button>
                 )
               })}
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/audio-settings-dialog.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/audio-settings-dialog.tsx
index ccf085908d..8a4c5a1aa0 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/audio-settings-dialog.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/audio-settings-dialog.tsx
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ import {
 } from '../../../../../components/ui/primitives/dialog'
 import { Slider } from '../../../../../components/ui/slider'
 import useAudio from '../../../../../store/use-audio'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../../../lib/display-text'
 
 export function AudioSettingsDialog() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const {
     masterVolume,
     sfxVolume,
@@ -28,19 +30,19 @@ export function AudioSettingsDialog() {
       <DialogTrigger asChild>
         <Button className="w-full justify-start gap-2" variant="outline">
           {muted ? <VolumeX className="size-4" /> : <Volume2 className="size-4" />}
-          Audio settings
+          {t('Audio settings')}
         </Button>
       </DialogTrigger>
       <DialogContent className="sm:max-w-[425px]">
         <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>Audio settings</DialogTitle>
-          <DialogDescription>Adjust volume levels and mute settings</DialogDescription>
+          <DialogTitle>{t('Audio settings')}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogDescription>{t('Adjust volume levels and mute settings')}</DialogDescription>
         </DialogHeader>
         <div className="space-y-6 py-4">
           {/* Master Volume */}
           <div className="space-y-2">
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <label className="font-medium text-sm">Master Volume</label>
+              <label className="font-medium text-sm">{t('Master Volume')}</label>
               <span className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{masterVolume}%</span>
             </div>
             <Slider
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ export function AudioSettingsDialog() {
           {/* Radio Volume */}
           <div className="space-y-2">
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <label className="font-medium text-sm">Radio Volume</label>
+              <label className="font-medium text-sm">{t('Radio Volume')}</label>
               <span className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{radioVolume}%</span>
             </div>
             <Slider
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ export function AudioSettingsDialog() {
           {/* SFX Volume */}
           <div className="space-y-2">
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <label className="font-medium text-sm">Sound Effects</label>
+              <label className="font-medium text-sm">{t('Sound Effects')}</label>
               <span className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{sfxVolume}%</span>
             </div>
             <Slider
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ export function AudioSettingsDialog() {
               variant={muted ? 'default' : 'outline'}
             >
               {muted ? <VolumeX className="size-4" /> : <Volume2 className="size-4" />}
-              {muted ? 'Unmute All Sounds' : 'Mute All Sounds'}
+              {t(muted ? 'Unmute All Sounds' : 'Mute All Sounds')}
             </Button>
           </div>
         </div>
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/keyboard-shortcuts-dialog.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/keyboard-shortcuts-dialog.tsx
index adf768d9be..fbc86ae312 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/keyboard-shortcuts-dialog.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/keyboard-shortcuts-dialog.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   ShortcutToken,
   shortcutDisplayValue,
 } from './../../../../../components/ui/primitives/shortcut-token'
+import { useDisplayText } from './../../../../../lib/display-text'
 
 type Shortcut = {
   keys: string[]
@@ -208,12 +209,17 @@ const SHORTCUT_CATEGORIES: ShortcutCategory[] = [
 ]
 
 function ShortcutKeys({ keys }: { keys: string[] }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1">
       {keys.map((key, index) => (
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1" key={`${key}-${index}`}>
           {index > 0 ? <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground">+</span> : null}
-          <ShortcutToken displayValue={shortcutDisplayValue(key)} value={key} />
+          <ShortcutToken
+            displayValue={shortcutDisplayValue(key)}
+            localizedLabel={t(key)}
+            value={key}
+          />
         </div>
       ))}
     </div>
@@ -221,27 +227,27 @@ function ShortcutKeys({ keys }: { keys: string[] }) {
 }
 
 export function KeyboardShortcutsDialog() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <Dialog>
       <DialogTrigger asChild>
         <Button className="w-full justify-start gap-2" variant="outline">
           <Keyboard className="size-4" />
-          Keyboard shortcuts
+          {t('Keyboard shortcuts')}
         </Button>
       </DialogTrigger>
       <DialogContent className="flex max-h-[85vh] flex-col overflow-hidden p-0 sm:max-w-3xl">
         <DialogHeader className="shrink-0 border-b px-6 py-4">
-          <DialogTitle>Keyboard shortcuts</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogTitle>{t('Keyboard shortcuts')}</DialogTitle>
           <DialogDescription>
-            Shortcuts are context-aware. Guided constraints are enabled by default; hold Shift
-            during an active gesture to build freely.
+            {t('Shortcuts are context-aware. Guided constraints are enabled by default; hold Shift during an active gesture to build freely.')}
           </DialogDescription>
         </DialogHeader>
 
         <div className="flex-1 space-y-5 overflow-y-auto px-6 py-4">
           {SHORTCUT_CATEGORIES.map((category) => (
             <section className="space-y-2" key={category.title}>
-              <h3 className="font-medium text-sm">{category.title}</h3>
+              <h3 className="font-medium text-sm">{t(category.title)}</h3>
               <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border/80">
                 {category.shortcuts.map((shortcut, index) => (
                   <div
@@ -250,9 +256,9 @@ export function KeyboardShortcutsDialog() {
                   >
                     <ShortcutKeys keys={shortcut.keys} />
                     <div>
-                      <p className="text-sm">{shortcut.action}</p>
+                      <p className="text-sm">{t(shortcut.action)}</p>
                       {shortcut.note ? (
-                        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{shortcut.note}</p>
+                        <p className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(shortcut.note)}</p>
                       ) : null}
                     </div>
                     {index < category.shortcuts.length - 1 ? (
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/load-build-dialog.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/load-build-dialog.tsx
index 1b5f7172ba..3ee9ae08e7 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/load-build-dialog.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/load-build-dialog.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
   type LinearUnit,
   squareMetersToAreaUnit,
 } from '../../../../../lib/measurements'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../../../lib/display-text'
 
 export type PendingImport = {
   fileName: string
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@ function formatFloorArea(m2: number, unit: LinearUnit): string {
 }
 
 export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const [showAllWarnings, setShowAllWarnings] = useState(false)
   const [showSchemaIssues, setShowSchemaIssues] = useState(false)
   const unit = useViewer((state) => state.unit)
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
             ) : (
               <XCircle className="size-5 text-red-600" />
             )}
-            {ok ? 'Ready to import' : 'Cannot import this file'}
+            {t(ok ? 'Ready to import' : 'Cannot import this file')}
           </DialogTitle>
           <DialogDescription>
             {fileName} · {formatFileSize(fileSizeBytes)} · {stats.total} node
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
           {stats.total > 0 && (
             <div className="rounded-md border bg-card">
               <div className="border-b px-3 py-2 font-medium text-muted-foreground text-xs uppercase">
-                Structure
+                {t('Structure')}
               </div>
               {rows.length > 0 ? (
                 <div>
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
                       >
                         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                           <Icon className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
-                          <span className="text-sm">{row.label}</span>
+                          <span className="text-sm">{t(row.label)}</span>
                         </div>
                         <span className="font-medium text-sm">{row.count}</span>
                       </div>
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
                   })}
                   {stats.floorAreaM2 > 0 && (
                     <div className="flex items-center justify-between border-t px-3 py-2">
-                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">Floor area</span>
+                      <span className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">{t('Floor area')}</span>
                       <span className="font-medium text-sm">
                         {formatFloorArea(stats.floorAreaM2, unit)}
                       </span>
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
                 </div>
               ) : (
                 <div className="px-3 py-4 text-center text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-                  The file contains no recognised nodes.
+                  {t('The file contains no recognised nodes.')}
                 </div>
               )}
             </div>
@@ -250,7 +252,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
 
         <DialogFooter>
           <Button onClick={onCancel} variant="outline">
-            Cancel
+            {t('Cancel')}
           </Button>
           <Button
             disabled={!ok || !parsed}
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ export function LoadBuildDialog({ pending, onCancel, onConfirm }: Props) {
               if (parsed) onConfirm(parsed)
             }}
           >
-            Replace current scene
+            {t('Replace current scene')}
           </Button>
         </DialogFooter>
       </DialogContent>
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/print-export-button.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/print-export-button.tsx
index 32ab8ad7f7..3ed2687fa1 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/print-export-button.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/panels/settings-panel/print-export-button.tsx
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   type PrintExportReport,
 } from '../../../../../lib/print-export'
 import useEditor from '../../../../../store/use-editor'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../../../lib/display-text'
 
 type PreparedPrintExport = {
   artifact: ModelExportArtifact
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ export async function preparePrintExport(
 }
 
 export function PrintExportButton({ onlyVisible }: { onlyVisible: boolean }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const modelExport = useEditor((state) => state.modelExport)
   const [exportingFormat, setExportingFormat] = useState<PrintModelExportFormat | null>(null)
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ export function PrintExportButton({ onlyVisible }: { onlyVisible: boolean }) {
         variant="outline"
       >
         <Printer className="size-4" />
-        Export 3D print 3MF
+        {t('Export 3D print 3MF')}
       </Button>
       <Button
         aria-busy={exportingFormat === 'print-stl'}
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ export function PrintExportButton({ onlyVisible }: { onlyVisible: boolean }) {
         variant="outline"
       >
         <Printer className="size-4" />
-        Export 3D print STL
+        {t('Export 3D print STL')}
       </Button>
       {error && (
         <div className="col-span-full flex gap-2 text-destructive text-xs">
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/use-plugin-panels.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/use-plugin-panels.tsx
index 08aeb8284d..0f5ca300c3 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/use-plugin-panels.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/ui/sidebar/use-plugin-panels.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   useSyncExternalStore,
 } from 'react'
 import useEditor from '../../../store/use-editor'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../../lib/display-text'
 import {
   editorHostPanelRegistry,
   type EditorHostPanel,
@@ -75,13 +76,18 @@ function resolvePanelComponent(panel: EditorHostPanel): ComponentType {
   const cached = wrappedPanelCache.get(panel.component)
   if (cached) return cached
   const Lazy = lazy(panel.component)
-  const Wrapped: ComponentType = () => (
-    <ErrorBoundary fallback={<PluginPanelCrashed label={panel.label} />}>
-      <Suspense fallback={<div className="p-4 text-sidebar-foreground/50 text-sm">Loading…</div>}>
-        <Lazy />
-      </Suspense>
-    </ErrorBoundary>
-  )
+  const Wrapped: ComponentType = () => {
+    const t = useDisplayText()
+    return (
+      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<PluginPanelCrashed label={panel.label} />}>
+        <Suspense
+          fallback={<div className="p-4 text-sidebar-foreground/50 text-sm">{t('Loading…')}</div>}
+        >
+          <Lazy />
+        </Suspense>
+      </ErrorBoundary>
+    )
+  }
   Wrapped.displayName = `PluginPanel(${panel.id})`
   wrappedPanelCache.set(panel.component, Wrapped)
   return Wrapped
@@ -99,6 +105,7 @@ function resolvePanelComponent(panel: EditorHostPanel): ComponentType {
  * authoring panel like Nature doesn't ride into the studio rail.
  */
 export function useHostPanels(hostPanels?: ExtraPanel[]): ExtraPanel[] {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const registered = useSyncExternalStore(
     editorHostPanelRegistry.subscribe,
     editorHostPanelRegistry.getSnapshot,
@@ -127,7 +134,7 @@ export function useHostPanels(hostPanels?: ExtraPanel[]): ExtraPanel[] {
     .map(
       (p): ExtraPanel => ({
         id: p.id,
-        label: p.label,
+        label: t(p.label),
         icon: renderIconRef(p.icon),
         component: resolvePanelComponent(p),
         pluginId: p.pluginId,
@@ -142,7 +149,7 @@ export function useHostPanels(hostPanels?: ExtraPanel[]): ExtraPanel[] {
       readOnly,
       workspaceMode,
     })
-      ? [pluginsManagerPanel]
+      ? [{ ...pluginsManagerPanel, label: t(pluginsManagerPanel.label) }]
       : []
   return [...(hostPanels ?? []), ...fromRegistry, ...manager]
 }
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/floorplan-compass-button.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/floorplan-compass-button.tsx
index eef109049d..3816e31445 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/floorplan-compass-button.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/floorplan-compass-button.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 'use client'
 
 import type React from 'react'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../lib/display-text'
 import { Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipTrigger } from '../ui/primitives/tooltip'
 
 export type FloorplanCompassButtonProps = {
@@ -14,11 +15,12 @@ export function FloorplanCompassButton({
   onAlignNorth,
   needleRef,
 }: FloorplanCompassButtonProps) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   return (
     <Tooltip>
       <TooltipTrigger asChild>
         <button
-          aria-label="Align view to north"
+          aria-label={t('Align view to north')}
           className="group pointer-events-auto absolute bottom-3 left-3 z-30 flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-black/10 bg-white/85 shadow-sm backdrop-blur-md transition hover:bg-white hover:shadow-md dark:border-white/10 dark:bg-neutral-900/85 dark:hover:bg-neutral-900"
           onClick={(event) => {
             event.preventDefault()
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ export function FloorplanCompassButton({
           </span>
         </button>
       </TooltipTrigger>
-      <TooltipContent side="right">Align view to north</TooltipContent>
+      <TooltipContent side="right">{t('Align view to north')}</TooltipContent>
     </Tooltip>
   )
 }
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-controls-bar.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-controls-bar.tsx
index 929dbd4a99..6241bcac8c 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-controls-bar.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-controls-bar.tsx
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
   Square,
   SwatchBook,
 } from 'lucide-react'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../lib/display-text'
 import { cn } from '../../lib/utils'
 import { ActionButton } from '../ui/action-menu/action-button'
 import {
@@ -48,20 +49,18 @@ const levelModeLabels: Record<'stacked' | 'exploded' | 'solo', string> = {
 
 const wallModeConfig = {
   up: {
-    icon: (props: any) => (
-      <img alt="Full height" height={28} src="/icons/room.webp" width={28} {...props} />
-    ),
+    icon: (props: any) => <img alt="" height={28} src="/icons/room.webp" width={28} {...props} />,
     label: 'Full height',
   },
   cutaway: {
     icon: (props: any) => (
-      <img alt="Cutaway" height={28} src="/icons/wallcut.webp" width={28} {...props} />
+      <img alt="" height={28} src="/icons/wallcut.webp" width={28} {...props} />
     ),
     label: 'Cutaway',
   },
   down: {
     icon: (props: any) => (
-      <img alt="Low" height={28} src="/icons/walllow.webp" width={28} {...props} />
+      <img alt="" height={28} src="/icons/walllow.webp" width={28} {...props} />
     ),
     label: 'Low',
   },
@@ -94,6 +93,7 @@ function VisibilityMenu({
   canShowScans: boolean
   canShowGuides: boolean
 }) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const showScans = useViewer((s) => s.showScans)
   const showGuides = useViewer((s) => s.showGuides)
   return (
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ function VisibilityMenu({
       <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
         <ActionButton
           className="hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-foreground"
-          label="Visibility"
+          label={t('Visibility')}
           size="icon"
           tooltipSide="top"
           variant="ghost"
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ function VisibilityMenu({
             onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => useViewer.getState().setShowScans(!showScans))}
           >
             <img alt="" className="h-4 w-4 object-contain" src="/icons/mesh.webp" />
-            <span>Scans</span>
+            <span>{t('Scans')}</span>
             {showScans ? (
               <Eye className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
             ) : (
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ function VisibilityMenu({
             onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => useViewer.getState().setShowGuides(!showGuides))}
           >
             <img alt="" className="h-4 w-4 object-contain" src="/icons/floorplan.webp" />
-            <span>Guides</span>
+            <span>{t('Guides')}</span>
             {showGuides ? (
               <Eye className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
             ) : (
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ function VisibilityMenu({
 // One "Display" button gathering shadows, camera projection, colors, render
 // mode, scene theme and edges.
 function DisplayMenu() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const cameraMode = useViewer((s) => s.cameraMode)
   const shading = useViewer((s) => s.shading)
   const textures = useViewer((s) => s.textures)
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
       <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
         <ActionButton
           className="hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-foreground"
-          label="Display settings"
+          label={t('Display settings')}
           size="icon"
           tooltipSide="top"
           variant="ghost"
@@ -171,8 +172,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
           onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => useViewer.getState().setShadows(!shadows))}
         >
           <Contrast className="h-4 w-4" />
-          <span>Shadows</span>
-          <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{shadows ? 'On' : 'Off'}</span>
+          <span>{t('Shadows')}</span>
+          <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(shadows ? 'On' : 'Off')}</span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
         <DropdownMenuItem
           onSelect={(e) =>
@@ -184,18 +185,18 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
           }
         >
           <Camera className="h-4 w-4" />
-          <span>Camera</span>
+          <span>{t('Camera')}</span>
           <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-            {cameraMode === 'perspective' ? 'Perspective' : 'Orthographic'}
+            {t(cameraMode === 'perspective' ? 'Perspective' : 'Orthographic')}
           </span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
         <DropdownMenuItem
           onSelect={(e) => keepOpen(e, () => useViewer.getState().setTextures(!textures))}
         >
           {textures ? <Palette className="h-4 w-4" /> : <Square className="h-4 w-4" />}
-          <span>Colors</span>
+          <span>{t('Colors')}</span>
           <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-            {textures ? 'Colored' : 'Monochrome'}
+            {t(textures ? 'Colored' : 'Monochrome')}
           </span>
         </DropdownMenuItem>
 
@@ -204,8 +205,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <activeShading.icon className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Render</span>
-            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{activeShading.name}</span>
+            <span>{t('Render')}</span>
+            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(activeShading.name)}</span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className="min-w-56">
             {SHADING_OPTIONS.map((option) => {
@@ -217,8 +218,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                 >
                   <OptionIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
                   <div className="flex flex-col">
-                    <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                    <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                    <span className="text-foreground">{t(option.name)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(option.detail)}</span>
                   </div>
                   {shading === option.id ? (
                     <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" />
@@ -232,32 +233,32 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <SwatchBook className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Theme</span>
+            <span>{t('Theme')}</span>
             <span className="ml-auto truncate text-muted-foreground text-xs">
-              {activeTheme.name}
+              {t(activeTheme.name)}
             </span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className="min-w-48">
-            {SCENE_THEMES.map((t) => {
+            {SCENE_THEMES.map((theme) => {
               const swatches = (['wall', 'roof', 'floor', 'glazing'] as const).map(
-                (role) => t.clayTints?.[role] ?? CLAY_PALETTE[role],
+                (role) => theme.clayTints?.[role] ?? CLAY_PALETTE[role],
               )
               return (
                 <DropdownMenuItem
                   className="gap-2"
-                  key={t.id}
-                  onSelect={() => useViewer.getState().setSceneTheme(t.id)}
+                  key={theme.id}
+                  onSelect={() => useViewer.getState().setSceneTheme(theme.id)}
                 >
                   <span
                     className="grid h-5 w-5 shrink-0 grid-cols-2 overflow-hidden rounded-sm border border-black/10"
-                    style={{ backgroundColor: t.background }}
+                    style={{ backgroundColor: theme.background }}
                   >
                     {swatches.map((color, index) => (
-                      <span key={`${t.id}-${index}`} style={{ backgroundColor: color }} />
+                      <span key={`${theme.id}-${index}`} style={{ backgroundColor: color }} />
                     ))}
                   </span>
-                  <span>{t.name}</span>
-                  {sceneTheme === t.id ? <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4" /> : null}
+                  <span>{t(theme.name)}</span>
+                  {sceneTheme === theme.id ? <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4" /> : null}
                 </DropdownMenuItem>
               )
             })}
@@ -267,8 +268,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
         <DropdownMenuSub>
           <DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
             <PenLine className="h-4 w-4" />
-            <span>Edges</span>
-            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{activeEdges.name}</span>
+            <span>{t('Edges')}</span>
+            <span className="ml-auto text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(activeEdges.name)}</span>
           </DropdownMenuSubTrigger>
           <DropdownMenuSubContent className="min-w-56">
             {EDGE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
@@ -277,8 +278,8 @@ function DisplayMenu() {
                 onSelect={() => useViewer.getState().setEdges(option.id)}
               >
                 <div className="flex flex-col">
-                  <span className="text-foreground">{option.name}</span>
-                  <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{option.detail}</span>
+                  <span className="text-foreground">{t(option.name)}</span>
+                  <span className="text-muted-foreground text-xs">{t(option.detail)}</span>
                 </div>
                 {edges === option.id ? <Check className="ml-auto h-4 w-4 text-foreground" /> : null}
               </DropdownMenuItem>
@@ -316,6 +317,7 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
   onWalkthroughToggle,
   className,
 }: ViewerControlsBarProps) => {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const levelMode = useViewer((s) => s.levelMode)
   const wallMode = useViewer((s) => s.wallMode)
   // Sessions may carry a stale mode outside the cycle (e.g. the retired
@@ -352,7 +354,7 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
                 ? 'hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-amber-400'
                 : 'bg-amber-500/20 text-amber-400'
             }
-            label={`Levels: ${levelMode === 'manual' ? 'Manual' : levelModeLabels[levelMode as keyof typeof levelModeLabels]}`}
+            label={`${t('Levels')}: ${t(levelMode === 'manual' ? 'Manual' : levelModeLabels[levelMode as keyof typeof levelModeLabels])}`}
             onClick={() => {
               if (levelMode === 'manual') return useViewer.getState().setLevelMode('stacked')
               const modes: ('stacked' | 'exploded' | 'solo')[] = ['stacked', 'exploded', 'solo']
@@ -376,7 +378,7 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
                   ? 'opacity-60 grayscale hover:bg-white/5 hover:opacity-100 hover:grayscale-0'
                   : 'bg-white/10'
               }
-              label={`Walls: ${wallModeConfig[safeWallMode].label}`}
+              label={`${t('Walls')}: ${t(wallModeConfig[safeWallMode].label)}`}
               onClick={() => {
                 const modes: ('cutaway' | 'up' | 'down')[] = ['cutaway', 'up', 'down']
                 const nextIndex = (modes.indexOf(safeWallMode) + 1) % modes.length
@@ -403,7 +405,7 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
                 ? 'bg-emerald-500/20 text-emerald-400'
                 : 'hover:bg-white/5 hover:text-emerald-400'
             }
-            label={`Walkthrough: ${walkthroughActive ? 'On' : 'Off'}`}
+            label={`${t('Walkthrough')}: ${t(walkthroughActive ? 'On' : 'Off')}`}
             onClick={onWalkthroughToggle}
             size="icon"
             tooltipSide="top"
@@ -417,14 +419,14 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
           {/* Camera actions */}
           <ActionButton
             className="group hidden hover:bg-white/5 sm:inline-flex"
-            label="Orbit left"
+            label={t('Orbit left')}
             onClick={() => emitter.emit('camera-controls:orbit-ccw')}
             size="icon"
             tooltipSide="top"
             variant="ghost"
           >
             <img
-              alt="Orbit left"
+              alt={t('Orbit left')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] -scale-x-100 object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
               src="/icons/rotate.webp"
             />
@@ -432,14 +434,14 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
 
           <ActionButton
             className="group hidden hover:bg-white/5 sm:inline-flex"
-            label="Orbit right"
+            label={t('Orbit right')}
             onClick={() => emitter.emit('camera-controls:orbit-cw')}
             size="icon"
             tooltipSide="top"
             variant="ghost"
           >
             <img
-              alt="Orbit right"
+              alt={t('Orbit right')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
               src="/icons/rotate.webp"
             />
@@ -447,14 +449,14 @@ export const ViewerControlsBar = ({
 
           <ActionButton
             className="group hover:bg-white/5"
-            label="Top view"
+            label={t('Top view')}
             onClick={() => emitter.emit('camera-controls:top-view')}
             size="icon"
             tooltipSide="top"
             variant="ghost"
           >
             <img
-              alt="Top view"
+              alt={t('Top view')}
               className="h-[28px] w-[28px] object-contain opacity-70 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100"
               src="/icons/topview.webp"
             />
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-stage-switcher.tsx b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-stage-switcher.tsx
index ea137c6556..6f0daf2123 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-stage-switcher.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/components/viewer/viewer-stage-switcher.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import { Box, Columns2, Map as MapIcon } from 'lucide-react'
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useDisplayText } from '../../lib/display-text'
 import { cn } from '../../lib/utils'
 import { normalizeViewerStageModes, type ViewerStageMode } from './viewer-stage-modes'
 
@@ -22,11 +23,12 @@ export function ViewerStageSwitcher({
   modes,
   onChange,
 }: ViewerStageSwitcherProps) {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
   const enabledModes = normalizeViewerStageModes(modes)
 
   return (
     <div
-      aria-label="Viewer layout"
+      aria-label={t('Viewer layout')}
       className={cn(
         'dark absolute top-4 left-1/2 z-30 flex -translate-x-1/2 items-center gap-1 rounded-full border border-white/10 bg-neutral-950/82 p-1 text-white shadow-elevation-4 backdrop-blur-xl',
         className,
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ export function ViewerStageSwitcher({
           active={mode === 'split'}
           className={hideSplitOnMobile && enabledModes.length > 1 ? 'hidden md:flex' : undefined}
           icon={<Columns2 />}
-          label="Split"
+          label={t('Split')}
           onClick={() => onChange('split')}
         />
       ) : null}
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/index.tsx b/packages/editor/src/index.tsx
index 774f2c6a3d..0cb6bd9dcd 100644
--- a/packages/editor/src/index.tsx
+++ b/packages/editor/src/index.tsx
@@ -406,6 +406,7 @@ export {
   nextContinuation,
 } from './lib/continuation'
 export { canDirectMoveNode } from './lib/direct-manipulation'
+export { DisplayTextProvider, useDisplayText } from './lib/display-text'
 export {
   closeDoorOpenState,
   getDisplayedDoorValue,
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.test.tsx b/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f79ee3d2bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+import { renderToStaticMarkup } from 'react-dom/server'
+import { DisplayTextProvider, useDisplayText } from './display-text'
+
+function Probe() {
+  const t = useDisplayText()
+  return <span>{t('Nature')}</span>
+}
+
+describe('DisplayTextProvider', () => {
+  test('keeps text unchanged by default', () => {
+    expect(renderToStaticMarkup(<Probe />)).toContain('Nature')
+  })
+
+  test('translates presentation text at the render boundary', () => {
+    const html = renderToStaticMarkup(
+      <DisplayTextProvider translate={(text) => (text === 'Nature' ? '自然' : text)}>
+        <Probe />
+      </DisplayTextProvider>,
+    )
+    expect(html).toContain('自然')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.tsx b/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4be1620e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/editor/src/lib/display-text.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+'use client'
+
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useContext } from 'react'
+
+export type DisplayTextTranslator = (text: string) => string
+
+const identity: DisplayTextTranslator = (text) => text
+const DisplayTextContext = createContext<DisplayTextTranslator>(identity)
+
+export function DisplayTextProvider({
+  children,
+  translate = identity,
+}: {
+  children: ReactNode
+  translate?: DisplayTextTranslator
+}) {
+  return <DisplayTextContext.Provider value={translate}>{children}</DisplayTextContext.Provider>
+}
+
+export function useDisplayText(): DisplayTextTranslator {
+  return useContext(DisplayTextContext)
+}