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gh-152100: Fuse set intersection into a single charset via INVERT
Extend the set-operation charset fusion to intersection (&&), not just difference (--). A new charset-body opcode INVERT is the dual of NEGATE: NEGATE flips the running verdict, INVERT flips each following membership test, so [A&&B] -- and chained or nested set operations -- compile to a single charset instead of a positive lookbehind assertion. A --/&& chain is a pure conjunction, so _fuse_difference generalizes to _fuse_setops by appending one more kind of fail item. An intersection operand must reduce to a single member and is not fused under IGNORECASE (case folding could split it); the optimizer walk threads the flag context through groups, so a scoped (?i:...) is skipped too. Intersection-bearing set operations match 4-6x faster; pure difference compiles bit-for-bit as before. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
1 parent 8b1dbb1 commit 4b46128

8 files changed

Lines changed: 123 additions & 53 deletions

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Lib/re/_compiler.py

Lines changed: 2 additions & 2 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def _code(p, flags):
221221
flags = p.state.flags | flags
222222

223223
# run the optimizer passes over the parsed pattern
224-
optimize(p)
224+
optimize(p, flags)
225225

226226
code = []
227227

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def print_2(*args):
267267
i += 1
268268
op = OPCODES[op]
269269
if op in (SUCCESS, FAILURE, ANY, ANY_ALL,
270-
MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL, NEGATE):
270+
MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL, NEGATE, INVERT):
271271
print_(op)
272272
elif op in (LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL,
273273
LITERAL_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE,

Lib/re/_constants.py

Lines changed: 3 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
1313

1414
# update when constants are added or removed
1515

16-
MAGIC = 20260622
16+
MAGIC = 20260625
1717

1818
from _sre import MAXREPEAT, MAXGROUPS # noqa: F401
1919

@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ def _makecodes(*names):
120120
'NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE',
121121
'RANGE_UNI_IGNORE',
122122

123+
'INVERT', # charset-body item: dual of NEGATE, inverts member tests
124+
123125
# The following opcodes are only occurred in the parser output,
124126
# but not in the compiled code.
125127
'MIN_REPEAT', 'MAX_REPEAT',

Lib/re/_optimizer.py

Lines changed: 78 additions & 37 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code):
3333
emit = code.append
3434
for op, av in charset:
3535
emit(op)
36-
if op is NEGATE:
36+
if op in (NEGATE, INVERT):
3737
pass
3838
elif op is LITERAL:
3939
emit(av)
@@ -58,31 +58,40 @@ def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code):
5858
def _optimize_charset(charset, iscased=None, fixup=None, fixes=None):
5959
# internal: optimize character set.
6060
#
61-
# The engine's charset() walk toggles polarity on every NEGATE (see
62-
# Modules/_sre/sre_lib.h), so NEGATE markers split the set into
63-
# alternating-polarity segments: a leading NEGATE is a complemented class
64-
# [^...], an interior one is set difference (RL1.3). Each segment is a
65-
# plain union, optimized on its own with the NEGATE boundaries kept in place.
66-
negates = [i for i, (op, _av) in enumerate(charset) if op is NEGATE]
67-
if not negates or negates == [0]:
61+
# The engine's charset() walk toggles its return polarity on every NEGATE
62+
# and its membership-test direction on every INVERT (see sre_lib.h) --
63+
# together they express complement, difference and intersection (RL1.3).
64+
# Each toggle-delimited segment is optimized on its own.
65+
bounds = [i for i, (op, _av) in enumerate(charset)
66+
if op in (NEGATE, INVERT)]
67+
if not bounds or (bounds == [0] and charset[0][0] is NEGATE):
6868
# Fast path: a plain union, optionally complemented as a whole -- every
6969
# charset the parser produces today, optimized as before.
7070
return _optimize_charset_segment(charset, iscased, fixup, fixes)
7171

72-
# Optimize each NEGATE-delimited run on its own. _allow_anyall is off: the
72+
# Optimize each toggle-delimited run on its own. _allow_anyall is off: the
7373
# [\s\S] -> ANY_ALL / [^\s\S] -> empty shortcuts rewrite a whole set and
74-
# would inject or drop a NEGATE mid-segment.
74+
# would inject or drop a toggle mid-segment.
7575
out = []
7676
hascased = False
7777
start = 0
78-
for i in negates + [len(charset)]:
78+
inv = False
79+
for i in bounds + [len(charset)]:
7980
if i > start: # skip an empty run (e.g. a leading NEGATE)
80-
opt, cased = _optimize_charset_segment(
81-
charset[start:i], iscased, fixup, fixes, _allow_anyall=False)
82-
out.extend(opt)
83-
hascased |= cased
81+
if inv:
82+
# An INVERT run intersects its members: re-emit them as
83+
# they are (already optimized, see _single_member).
84+
out.extend(charset[start:i])
85+
else:
86+
opt, cased = _optimize_charset_segment(
87+
charset[start:i], iscased, fixup, fixes, _allow_anyall=False)
88+
out.extend(opt)
89+
hascased |= cased
8490
if i < len(charset):
85-
out.append((NEGATE, None))
91+
tok = charset[i]
92+
out.append(tok) # re-emit the toggle in place
93+
if tok[0] is INVERT:
94+
inv = not inv
8695
start = i + 1
8796
return out, hascased
8897

@@ -467,43 +476,75 @@ def _fuse_branch(av):
467476
items += cs
468477
return items if tail is None else items + tail
469478

470-
def _fuse_difference(data):
471-
# Replace <flat charset A> (?<![B1]) (?<![B2]) ... with the single charset
472-
# [NEGATE] B1 B2 ... [NEGATE] A. Each negative lookbehind over a flat
473-
# charset subtracts its set from the character A matches.
479+
def _single_member(operand):
480+
# Reduce a flat-charset operand to one member opcode (a lone bitmap,
481+
# range or category), or None. An intersection operand must be a single
482+
# member, because each member under INVERT is a separate test.
483+
items = _parser._flat_items(operand)
484+
if items is None:
485+
return None
486+
opt, _hascased = _optimize_charset(items)
487+
return opt if len(opt) == 1 else None
488+
489+
def _fuse_setops(data, flags):
490+
# Fuse <flat charset A> (?<![B]) (?<=[C]) ... -- a left-associative
491+
# chain of set difference ([A--B]) and intersection ([A&&C]) -- into the
492+
# single charset [NEGATE] <fail items> [NEGATE] [INVERT] A. The chain
493+
# is a pure conjunction, so each lookbehind appends one fail item:
494+
# "ch in B" for a difference, "ch not in C" (under INVERT) for an
495+
# intersection. Not fused under IGNORECASE, where case folding could
496+
# split a single-member intersection operand (see _single_member).
474497
out = []
475-
head = None # _flat_items(A) for the fused difference now at out[-1]
476-
subtrahend = None # its accumulated B items, or None when not fusing
498+
head = None # _flat_items(A) for the fused set operation now at out[-1]
499+
fails = None # its accumulated fail items, or None when not fusing
500+
inv = 0 # the INVERT state at the end of fails
477501
for op, av in data:
478-
if op is ASSERT_NOT and av[0] < 0: # a negative lookbehind
479-
b = _parser._flat_items(av[1].data)
502+
if op in (ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT) and av[0] < 0: # a lookbehind
503+
if op is ASSERT_NOT: # -- difference
504+
b = _parser._flat_items(av[1].data)
505+
tinv = 0
506+
elif not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE: # && intersection
507+
b = _single_member(av[1].data)
508+
tinv = 1
509+
else:
510+
b = None
480511
if b is not None:
481-
if subtrahend is None and out:
512+
if fails is None and out:
482513
# the first lookbehind of a run: only now is it worth
483514
# checking whether the preceding item A is a flat charset.
484515
head = _parser._flat_items([out[-1]])
485516
if head is not None:
486-
subtrahend = []
487-
if subtrahend is not None:
488-
subtrahend += b
489-
out[-1] = (IN, [(NEGATE, None)] + subtrahend
490-
+ [(NEGATE, None)] + head)
517+
fails = []
518+
inv = 0
519+
if fails is not None:
520+
if inv != tinv:
521+
fails.append((INVERT, None))
522+
inv ^= 1
523+
fails += b
524+
tail = [(NEGATE, None)]
525+
if inv:
526+
tail.append((INVERT, None))
527+
out[-1] = (IN, [(NEGATE, None)] + fails + tail + head)
491528
continue
492-
head = subtrahend = None
529+
head = fails = None
493530
out.append((op, av))
494531
data[:] = out
495532

496-
def _walk(seq):
533+
def _walk(seq, flags):
497534
for i, (op, av) in enumerate(seq):
498-
for sub in _subpatterns(op, av):
499-
_walk(sub.data)
535+
if op is SUBPATTERN:
536+
# A group can change the flag context, e.g. (?i:...).
537+
_walk(av[3].data, _combine_flags(flags, av[1], av[2]))
538+
else:
539+
for sub in _subpatterns(op, av):
540+
_walk(sub.data, flags)
500541
if op is BRANCH:
501542
items = _fuse_branch(av)
502543
if items is not None:
503544
seq[i] = (IN, items)
504-
_fuse_difference(seq)
545+
_fuse_setops(seq, flags)
505546

506-
def optimize(pattern):
547+
def optimize(pattern, flags):
507548
"""Rewrite a parsed pattern in place and return it."""
508-
_walk(pattern.data)
549+
_walk(pattern.data, flags)
509550
return pattern

Lib/test/test_re.py

Lines changed: 7 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1496,6 +1496,13 @@ def test_set_operations(self):
14961496
self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'[\d&&1]', s), list('1'))
14971497
# A leading '&' is a literal.
14981498
self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'[&&1]', s), list('&1'))
1499+
# Intersection is not fused under IGNORECASE (case folding can
1500+
# split an operand), including when the flag comes from a scoped group.
1501+
for pat in (r'(?i)[\w&&[s]]', r'(?i:[\w&&[s]])'):
1502+
for c in 'sSſ':
1503+
self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(pat, c), (pat, c))
1504+
self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?-i:[\w&&[s]])', 's', re.I))
1505+
self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?-i:[\w&&[s]])', 'S', re.I))
14991506

15001507
# Nested sets and lookbehind-mapped operands.
15011508
self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'[a-z--[aeiou]]', s),

Modules/_sre/sre.c

Lines changed: 1 addition & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -2078,6 +2078,7 @@ _validate_charset(SRE_CODE *code, SRE_CODE *end)
20782078
switch (op) {
20792079

20802080
case SRE_OP_NEGATE:
2081+
case SRE_OP_INVERT:
20812082
break;
20822083

20832084
case SRE_OP_LITERAL:

Modules/_sre/sre_constants.h

Lines changed: 2 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
1111
* See the sre.c file for information on usage and redistribution.
1212
*/
1313

14-
#define SRE_MAGIC 20260622
14+
#define SRE_MAGIC 20260625
1515
#define SRE_OP_FAILURE 0
1616
#define SRE_OP_SUCCESS 1
1717
#define SRE_OP_ANY 2
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
5555
#define SRE_OP_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE 40
5656
#define SRE_OP_NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE 41
5757
#define SRE_OP_RANGE_UNI_IGNORE 42
58+
#define SRE_OP_INVERT 43
5859
#define SRE_AT_BEGINNING 0
5960
#define SRE_AT_BEGINNING_LINE 1
6061
#define SRE_AT_BEGINNING_STRING 2

Modules/_sre/sre_lib.h

Lines changed: 28 additions & 11 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -94,6 +94,10 @@ SRE(charset)(SRE_STATE* state, const SRE_CODE* set, SRE_CODE ch)
9494
/* check if character is a member of the given set */
9595

9696
int ok = 1;
97+
/* INVERT toggles inv, which inverts each following membership test
98+
(set difference/intersection within a single charset). Member tests
99+
are normalized to 0/1 before the ^ inv. */
100+
int inv = 0;
97101

98102
for (;;) {
99103
switch (*set++) {
@@ -103,29 +107,32 @@ SRE(charset)(SRE_STATE* state, const SRE_CODE* set, SRE_CODE ch)
103107

104108
case SRE_OP_LITERAL:
105109
/* <LITERAL> <code> */
106-
if (ch == set[0])
110+
if ((ch == set[0]) ^ inv)
107111
return ok;
108112
set++;
109113
break;
110114

111115
case SRE_OP_CATEGORY:
112116
/* <CATEGORY> <code> */
113-
if (sre_category(set[0], (int) ch))
117+
if (!!sre_category(set[0], (int) ch) ^ inv)
114118
return ok;
115119
set++;
116120
break;
117121

118122
case SRE_OP_CHARSET:
119123
/* <CHARSET> <bitmap> */
120-
if (ch < 256 &&
121-
(set[ch/SRE_CODE_BITS] & (1u << (ch & (SRE_CODE_BITS-1)))))
124+
{
125+
int m = ch < 256 &&
126+
(set[ch/SRE_CODE_BITS] & (1u << (ch & (SRE_CODE_BITS-1))));
127+
if (m ^ inv)
122128
return ok;
123129
set += 256/SRE_CODE_BITS;
124130
break;
131+
}
125132

126133
case SRE_OP_RANGE:
127134
/* <RANGE> <lower> <upper> */
128-
if (set[0] <= ch && ch <= set[1])
135+
if ((set[0] <= ch && ch <= set[1]) ^ inv)
129136
return ok;
130137
set += 2;
131138
break;
@@ -134,11 +141,14 @@ SRE(charset)(SRE_STATE* state, const SRE_CODE* set, SRE_CODE ch)
134141
/* <RANGE_UNI_IGNORE> <lower> <upper> */
135142
{
136143
SRE_CODE uch;
144+
int m;
137145
/* ch is already lower cased */
138-
if (set[0] <= ch && ch <= set[1])
139-
return ok;
140-
uch = sre_upper_unicode(ch);
141-
if (set[0] <= uch && uch <= set[1])
146+
m = set[0] <= ch && ch <= set[1];
147+
if (!m) {
148+
uch = sre_upper_unicode(ch);
149+
m = set[0] <= uch && uch <= set[1];
150+
}
151+
if (m ^ inv)
142152
return ok;
143153
set += 2;
144154
break;
@@ -148,20 +158,26 @@ SRE(charset)(SRE_STATE* state, const SRE_CODE* set, SRE_CODE ch)
148158
ok = !ok;
149159
break;
150160

161+
case SRE_OP_INVERT:
162+
inv = !inv;
163+
break;
164+
151165
case SRE_OP_BIGCHARSET:
152166
/* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
153167
{
154168
Py_ssize_t count, block;
169+
int m;
155170
count = *(set++);
156171

157172
if (ch < 0x10000u)
158173
block = ((unsigned char*)set)[ch >> 8];
159174
else
160175
block = -1;
161176
set += 256/sizeof(SRE_CODE);
162-
if (block >=0 &&
177+
m = block >= 0 &&
163178
(set[(block * 256 + (ch & 255))/SRE_CODE_BITS] &
164-
(1u << (ch & (SRE_CODE_BITS-1)))))
179+
(1u << (ch & (SRE_CODE_BITS-1))));
180+
if (m ^ inv)
165181
return ok;
166182
set += count * (256/SRE_CODE_BITS);
167183
break;
@@ -1616,6 +1632,7 @@ SRE(match)(SRE_STATE* state, const SRE_CODE* pattern, int toplevel)
16161632
TARGET(SRE_OP_SUBPATTERN):
16171633
TARGET(SRE_OP_RANGE):
16181634
TARGET(SRE_OP_NEGATE):
1635+
TARGET(SRE_OP_INVERT):
16191636
TARGET(SRE_OP_BIGCHARSET):
16201637
TARGET(SRE_OP_CHARSET):
16211638
TRACE(("|%p|%p|UNKNOWN %d\n", pattern, ptr,

Modules/_sre/sre_targets.h

Lines changed: 2 additions & 1 deletion
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
1111
* See the sre.c file for information on usage and redistribution.
1212
*/
1313

14-
static void *sre_targets[43] = {
14+
static void *sre_targets[44] = {
1515
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_FAILURE,
1616
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_SUCCESS,
1717
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_ANY,
@@ -55,4 +55,5 @@ static void *sre_targets[43] = {
5555
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
5656
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
5757
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_RANGE_UNI_IGNORE,
58+
&&TARGET_SRE_OP_INVERT,
5859
};

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