gh-152682: Fix NULL dereference on OOM in symtable_visit_type_param_bound_or_default (GH-152684)

In `symtable_visit_type_param_bound_or_default()`, when a reserved name
(e.g. `__classdict__`) is used as a type parameter, `PyUnicode_FromFormat()`
is called to build the SyntaxError message. If the allocation fails and
returns NULL, the subsequent `PyErr_SetObject()` and `Py_DECREF()` calls
would dereference NULL, causing a segfault.

Fix by returning 0 immediately when `PyUnicode_FromFormat()` returns NULL.
This propagates the MemoryError set by `PyUnicode_FromFormat()`.

The bug was introduced in gh-128632 (commit 891c61c).
(cherry picked from commit 10ed03e)

Co-authored-by: Petr Vaganov <petrvaganoff@gmail.com>

Author: petrvaganoff

Lib/test/test_syntax.py

@@ -2691,6 +2691,7 @@ def f(x: *b)
 import unittest
 
 from test import support
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 
 class SyntaxWarningTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def check_warning(self, code, errtext, filename="<testcase>", mode="exec"):
@@ -3024,6 +3025,22 @@ class A:
     class B[{name}]: pass
                 """, "<testcase>", mode="exec")
 
+    @support.nomemtest
+    def test_disallowed_type_param_names_oom(self):
+        # gh-152682: Don't crash on OOM when formatting the SyntaxError message
+        # in symtable_visit_type_param_bound_or_default.
+        code = textwrap.dedent("""\
+            import _testcapi
+            _testcapi.set_nomemory(0)
+            try:
+                compile("class A[__classdict__]: pass", "<string>", "exec")
+            except MemoryError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError('MemoryError not raised')
+        """)
+        assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+
     @support.cpython_only
     def test_nested_named_except_blocks(self):
         code = ""

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-06-30-14-00-00.gh-issue-152682.yId7e5.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix NULL pointer dereference in :func:`compile` when a reserved name (e.g.
+``__classdict__``) is used as a type parameter name and memory allocation
+fails while formatting the error message.

Python/symtable.c

@@ -2608,6 +2608,9 @@ symtable_visit_type_param_bound_or_default(
 
         PyObject *error_msg = PyUnicode_FromFormat("reserved name '%U' cannot be "
                                                    "used for type parameter", name);
+        if (error_msg == NULL) {
+            return 0;
+        }
         PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_SyntaxError, error_msg);
         Py_DECREF(error_msg);
         SET_ERROR_LOCATION(st->st_filename, LOCATION(tp));