Update dependency axios to v0.31.0 [SECURITY]

[renovate]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Change	Age	Confidence
axios (source)	0.25.0 → 0.31.0

GitHub Vulnerability Alerts

CVE-2023-45857

An issue discovered in Axios 0.8.1 through 1.5.1 inadvertently reveals the confidential XSRF-TOKEN stored in cookies by including it in the HTTP header X-XSRF-TOKEN for every request made to any host allowing attackers to view sensitive information.

Severity

• CVSS Score: 6.5 / 10 (Medium)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

CVE-2026-25639

Denial of Service via proto Key in mergeConfig

Summary

The mergeConfig function in axios crashes with a TypeError when processing configuration objects containing __proto__ as an own property. An attacker can trigger this by providing a malicious configuration object created via JSON.parse(), causing complete denial of service.

Details

The vulnerability exists in lib/core/mergeConfig.js at lines 98-101:

utils.forEach(Object.keys({ ...config1, ...config2 }), function computeConfigValue(prop) {
  const merge = mergeMap[prop] || mergeDeepProperties;
  const configValue = merge(config1[prop], config2[prop], prop);
  (utils.isUndefined(configValue) && merge !== mergeDirectKeys) || (config[prop] = configValue);
});

When prop is '__proto__':

1. JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {...}}') creates an object with __proto__ as an own enumerable property
2. Object.keys() includes '__proto__' in the iteration
3. mergeMap['__proto__'] performs prototype chain lookup, returning Object.prototype (truthy object)
4. The expression mergeMap[prop] || mergeDeepProperties evaluates to Object.prototype
5. Object.prototype(...) throws TypeError: merge is not a function

The mergeConfig function is called by:

• Axios._request() at lib/core/Axios.js:75
• Axios.getUri() at lib/core/Axios.js:201
• All HTTP method shortcuts (get, post, etc.) at lib/core/Axios.js:211,224

PoC

import axios from "axios";

const maliciousConfig = JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"x": 1}}');
await axios.get("https://httpbin.org/get", maliciousConfig);

Reproduction steps:

1. Clone axios repository or npm install axios
2. Create file poc.mjs with the code above
3. Run: node poc.mjs
4. Observe the TypeError crash

Verified output (axios 1.13.4):

TypeError: merge is not a function
    at computeConfigValue (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:100:25)
    at Object.forEach (lib/utils.js:280:10)
    at mergeConfig (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:98:9)

Control tests performed:

Test	Config	Result
Normal config	{"timeout": 5000}	SUCCESS
Malicious config	JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"x": 1}}')	CRASH
Nested object	{"headers": {"X-Test": "value"}}	SUCCESS

Attack scenario:
An application that accepts user input, parses it with JSON.parse(), and passes it to axios configuration will crash when receiving the payload {"__proto__": {"x": 1}}.

Impact

Denial of Service - Any application using axios that processes user-controlled JSON and passes it to axios configuration methods is vulnerable. The application will crash when processing the malicious payload.

Affected environments:

• Node.js servers using axios for HTTP requests
• Any backend that passes parsed JSON to axios configuration

This is NOT prototype pollution - the application crashes before any assignment occurs.

Severity

• CVSS Score: 7.5 / 10 (High)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CVE-2026-40175

Vulnerability Disclosure: Unrestricted Cloud Metadata Exfiltration via Header Injection Chain

Summary

The Axios library is vulnerable to a specific "Gadget" attack chain that allows Prototype Pollution in any third-party dependency to be escalated into Remote Code Execution (RCE) or Full Cloud Compromise (via AWS IMDSv2 bypass).

While Axios patches exist for preventing check pollution, the library remains vulnerable to being used as a gadget when pollution occurs elsewhere. This is due to a lack of HTTP Header Sanitization (CWE-113) combined with default SSRF capabilities.

Severity: Critical (CVSS 9.9)
Affected Versions: All versions (v0.x - v1.x)
Vulnerable Component: lib/adapters/http.js (Header Processing)

Usage of "Helper" Vulnerabilities

This vulnerability is unique because it requires Zero Direct User Input.
If an attacker can pollute Object.prototype via any other library in the stack (e.g., qs, minimist, ini, body-parser), Axios will automatically pick up the polluted properties during its config merge.

Because Axios does not sanitise these merged header values for CRLF (\r\n) characters, the polluted property becomes a Request Smuggling payload.

Proof of Concept

1. The Setup (Simulated Pollution)

Imagine a scenario where a known vulnerability exists in a query parser. The attacker sends a payload that sets:

Object.prototype['x-amz-target'] = "dummy\r\n\r\nPUT /latest/api/token HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: 169.254.169.254\r\nX-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600\r\n\r\nGET /ignore";

2. The Gadget Trigger (Safe Code)

The application makes a completely safe, hardcoded request:

// This looks safe to the developer
await axios.get('https://analytics.internal/pings'); 

3. The Execution

Axios merges the prototype property x-amz-target into the request headers. It then writes the header value directly to the socket without validation.

Resulting HTTP traffic:

GET /pings HTTP/1.1
Host: analytics.internal
x-amz-target: dummy

PUT /latest/api/token HTTP/1.1
Host: 169.254.169.254
X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600

GET /ignore HTTP/1.1
...

4. The Impact (IMDSv2 Bypass)

The "Smuggled" second request is a valid PUT request to the AWS Metadata Service. It includes the required X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds header (which a normal SSRF cannot send).
The Metadata Service returns a session token, allowing the attacker to steal IAM credentials and compromise the cloud account.

Impact Analysis

• Security Control Bypass: Defeats AWS IMDSv2 (Session Tokens).
• Authentication Bypass: Can inject headers (Cookie, Authorization) to pivot into internal administrative panels.
• Cache Poisoning: Can inject Host headers to poison shared caches.

Recommended Fix

Validate all header values in lib/adapters/http.js and xhr.js before passing them to the underlying request function.

Patch Suggestion:

// In lib/adapters/http.js
utils.forEach(requestHeaders, function setRequestHeader(val, key) {
  if (/[\r\n]/.test(val)) {
    throw new Error('Security: Header value contains invalid characters');
  }
  // ... proceed to set header
});

References

• OWASP: CRLF Injection (CWE-113)

This report was generated as part of a security audit of the Axios library.

Severity

• CVSS Score: 4.8 / 10 (Medium)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

---

Release Notes

axios/axios (axios)

v0.31.0

Compare Source

This release backports security fixes from v1.x, hardens the CI/CD supply chain with OIDC publishing and zizmor scanning, resolves TypeScript typing issues in AxiosInstance, and fixes a performance regression in isEmptyObject().

🔒 Security Fixes

• Header Injection & Proxy Bypass: Backports v1 security hardening — sanitizes outgoing header values to strip invalid bytes, CRLF sequences, and boundary whitespace (including array values); adds proper NO_PROXY/no_proxy enforcement covering wildcards, explicit ports, loopback aliases (localhost, 127.0.0.1, ::1), bracketed IPv6, and trailing-dot hostnames. Proxy bypass is now checked before the proxy URL is parsed, and parsed.host is used for correct port and IPv6 handling. (#​10688)

• CI Security: SHA-pins all actions and disables credential persistence in v0.x CI, introduces zizmor security scanning with SARIF upload to code scanning, adds an OIDC Trusted Publishing workflow with npm provenance attestations, and gates all publishes behind a required npm-publish GitHub Environment with configurable reviewer protections. (#​10638, #​10639, #​10667)

🐛 Bug Fixes

• TypeScript — AxiosInstance Return Types: Fixes return types in AxiosInstance methods to correctly resolve to Promise<R> (matching AxiosPromise<T> semantics), and corrects the generic call signature so TypeScript properly enforces the response data type. TypeScript-only changes; no runtime impact. (#​6253, #​7328)

• Performance: Fixes a performance regression in isEmptyObject() that caused excessive computation when the argument was a large string. (#​6484)

🔧 Maintenance & Chores

• Versioning & CI Workflow: Adds an automated versioning flow for v0.x, renames the CI workflow for consistency with the v1.x naming convention, and corrects the branch name reference in CI config. (#​10690, #​10691, #​10692)

🌟 New Contributors

We are thrilled to welcome our new contributors. Thank you for helping improve axios:

• @​nakataki17 (#​6253)
• @​gmasclet (#​6484)
• @​shaanmajid (#​10638, #​10639, #​10667)
• @​ivan-churakov (#​7328)

Full Changelog

v0.30.3: Release notes - v0.30.3

Compare Source

This is a critical security maintenance release for the v0.x branch. It addresses a high-priority vulnerability involving prototype pollution that could lead to a Denial of Service (DoS).

Recommendation: All users currently on the 0.x release line should upgrade to this version immediately to ensure environment stability.

🛡️ Security Fixes

• Backport: Fix DoS via proto key in merge config
  • Patched a vulnerability where specifically crafted configuration objects using the proto key could cause a Denial of Service during the merge process. - by @​FeBe95 in PR #​7388

⚙️ Maintenance & CI

• CI Infrastructure Update
  • Updated Continuous Integration workflows for the v0.x branch to maintain long-term support and build reliability. - by @​jasonsaayman in PR #​7407

⚠️ Breaking Changes

Configuration Merging Behavior:

As part of the security fix, Axios now restricts the merging of the proto key within configuration objects. If your codebase relies on unconventional deep-merging patterns that target the object prototype via Axios config, those operations will now be blocked. This is a necessary change to prevent prototype pollution.

Full Changelog: v0.30.2...v0.30.3

v0.30.2

Compare Source

What's Changed

• Backport maxContentLength vulnerability fix to v0.x by @​FeBe95 in #​7034

New Contributors

• @​FeBe95 made their first contribution in #​7034

Full Changelog: axios/axios@v0.30.1...v0.30.2

v0.30.1

Compare Source

Release notes:

Bug Fixes

• chore(deps): bump form-data from 4.0.0 to 4.0.4 for v0.x by @​wolandec in #​6978

Contributors to this release

• @​wolandec made their first contribution in #​6978

Full Changelog: axios/axios@v0.30.0...v0.30.1

v0.30.0

Compare Source

Release notes:

Bug Fixes

• fix: modify log while request is aborted by @​mori5321 in #​4917
• fix: update CHANGELOG.md for v0.x by @​TehZarathustra in #​6271
• fix: modify upgrade guide for 0.28.1's breaking change by @​nafeger in #​6787
• fix: backport allowAbsoluteUrls vulnerability fix to v0.x by @​thatguyinabeanie in #​6829
• fix: add allowAbsoluteUrls type by @​thatguyinabeanie in #​6849

Contributors to this release

• @​mori5321 made their first contribution in #​4917
• @​TehZarathustra made their first contribution in #​6271
• @​nafeger made their first contribution in #​6787
• @​thatguyinabeanie made their first contribution in #​6829

Full Changelog: axios/axios@v0.29.0...v0.30.0

v0.29.0

Compare Source

Release notes:

Bug Fixes

• fix(backport): backport security fixes in commits #​6167 and #​6163 to v0.x by @​Sean-Powell in #​6402
• fix: omit nulls in params by @​Willshaw in #​6394
• fix(backport): fix paramsSerializer function validation by @​solonzhu in #​6361
• fix: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) by @​qiongshusheng in #​6708

Contributors to this release

• @​Sean-Powell made their first contribution in #​6402
• @​Willshaw made their first contribution in #​6394
• @​solonzhu made their first contribution in #​6361
• @​qiongshusheng made their first contribution in #​6708

v0.28.1

Compare Source

Release notes:

Release notes:

Bug Fixes

• fix(backport): custom params serializer support (#​6263)
• fix(backport): uncaught ReferenceError req is not defined (#​6307)

v0.28.0

Compare Source

Release notes:

Bug Fixes

• fix(security): fixed CVE-2023-45857 by backporting withXSRFToken option to v0.x (#​6091)

Backports from v1.x:

• Allow null indexes on formSerializer and paramsSerializer v0.x (#​4961)
• Fixing content-type header repeated #​4745
• Fixed timeout error message for HTTP 4738
• Added axios.formToJSON method (#​4735)
• URL params serializer (#​4734)
• Fixed toFormData Blob issue on node>v17 #​4728
• Adding types for progress event callbacks #​4675
• Fixed max body length defaults #​4731
• Added data URL support for node.js (#​4725)
• Added isCancel type assert (#​4293)
• Added the ability for the url-encoded-form serializer to respect the formSerializer config (#​4721)
• Add string[] to AxiosRequestHeaders type (#​4322)
• Allow type definition for axios instance methods (#​4224)
• Fixed AxiosError stack capturing; (#​4718)
• Fixed AxiosError status code type; (#​4717)
• Adding Canceler parameters config and request (#​4711)
• fix(types): allow to specify partial default headers for instance creation (#​4185)
• Added blob to the list of protocols supported by the browser (#​4678)
• Fixing Z_BUF_ERROR when no content (#​4701)
• Fixed race condition on immediate requests cancellation (#​4261)
• Added a clear() function to the request and response interceptors object so a user can ensure that all interceptors have been removed from an Axios instance #​4248
• Added generic AxiosAbortSignal TS interface to avoid importing AbortController polyfill (#​4229)
• Fix TS definition for AxiosRequestTransformer (#​4201)
• Use type alias instead of interface for AxiosPromise (#​4505)
• Include request and config when creating a CanceledError instance (#​4659)
• Added generic TS types for the exposed toFormData helper (#​4668)
• Optimized the code that checks cancellation (#​4587)
• Replaced webpack with rollup (#​4596)
• Added stack trace to AxiosError (#​4624)
• Updated AxiosError.config to be optional in the type definition (#​4665)
• Removed incorrect argument for NetworkError constructor (#​4656)

v0.27.2

Compare Source

Fixes and Functionality:

• Fixed FormData posting in browser environment by reverting #​3785 (#​4640)
• Enhanced protocol parsing implementation (#​4639)
• Fixed bundle size

v0.27.1

Compare Source

Fixes and Functionality:

• Removed import of url module in browser build due to huge size overhead and builds being broken (#​4594)
• Bumped follow-redirects to ^1.14.9 (#​4615)

v0.27.0

Compare Source

Breaking changes:

• New toFormData helper function that allows the implementor to pass an object and allow axios to convert it to FormData (#​3757)
• Removed functionality that removed the the Content-Type request header when passing FormData (#​3785)
• (*) Refactored error handling implementing AxiosError as a constructor, this is a large change to error handling on the whole (#​3645)
• Separated responsibility for FormData instantiation between transformRequest and toFormData (#​4470)
• (*) Improved and fixed multiple issues with FormData support (#​4448)

QOL and DevX improvements:

• Added a multipart/form-data testing playground allowing contributors to debug changes easily (#​4465)

Fixes and Functionality:

• Refactored project file structure to avoid circular imports (#​4515) & (#​4516)
• Bumped follow-redirects to ^1.14.9 (#​4562)

Internal and Tests:

• Updated dev dependencies to latest version

Documentation:

• Fixing incorrect link in changelog (#​4551)

Notes:

• (*) Please read these pull requests before updating, these changes are very impactful and far reaching.

v0.26.1

Compare Source

Fixes and Functionality:

• Refactored project file structure to avoid circular imports (#​4220)

v0.26.0

Compare Source

Fixes and Functionality:

• Fixed The timeoutErrorMessage property in config not work with Node.js (#​3581)
• Added errors to be displayed when the query parsing process itself fails (#​3961)
• Fix/remove url required (#​4426)
• Update follow-redirects dependency due to Vulnerability (#​4462)
• Bump karma from 6.3.11 to 6.3.14 (#​4461)
• Bump follow-redirects from 1.14.7 to 1.14.8 (#​4473)

---

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File name: package-lock.json

npm ERR! code ERESOLVE
npm ERR! ERESOLVE could not resolve
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! While resolving: next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR! Found: react@17.0.2
npm ERR! node_modules/react
npm ERR!   react@"17.0.2" from the root project
npm ERR!   peer react@"^17.0.2 || ^18.0.0-0" from next@12.1.0
npm ERR!   node_modules/next
npm ERR!     next@"12.1.0" from the root project
npm ERR!     peer next@">=7.0.0" from next-offline@5.0.5
npm ERR!     node_modules/next-offline
npm ERR!       next-offline@"5.0.5" from the root project
npm ERR!     1 more (next-routes)
npm ERR!   5 more (react-dom, react-icons, react-map-gl, styled-jsx, use-subscription)
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Could not resolve dependency:
npm ERR! peer react@"^15.4.2 || ^16" from next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR! node_modules/next-routes
npm ERR!   next-routes@"1.4.2" from the root project
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Conflicting peer dependency: react@16.14.0
npm ERR! node_modules/react
npm ERR!   peer react@"^15.4.2 || ^16" from next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR!   node_modules/next-routes
npm ERR!     next-routes@"1.4.2" from the root project
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Fix the upstream dependency conflict, or retry
npm ERR! this command with --force, or --legacy-peer-deps
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The artifact failure details are included below:

File name: package-lock.json

npm ERR! code ERESOLVE
npm ERR! ERESOLVE could not resolve
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! While resolving: next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR! Found: react@17.0.2
npm ERR! node_modules/react
npm ERR!   react@"17.0.2" from the root project
npm ERR!   peer react@"^17.0.2 || ^18.0.0-0" from next@12.1.0
npm ERR!   node_modules/next
npm ERR!     next@"12.1.0" from the root project
npm ERR!     peer next@">=7.0.0" from next-offline@5.0.5
npm ERR!     node_modules/next-offline
npm ERR!       next-offline@"5.0.5" from the root project
npm ERR!     1 more (next-routes)
npm ERR!   5 more (react-dom, react-icons, react-map-gl, styled-jsx, use-subscription)
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Could not resolve dependency:
npm ERR! peer react@"^15.4.2 || ^16" from next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR! node_modules/next-routes
npm ERR!   next-routes@"1.4.2" from the root project
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Conflicting peer dependency: react@16.14.0
npm ERR! node_modules/react
npm ERR!   peer react@"^15.4.2 || ^16" from next-routes@1.4.2
npm ERR!   node_modules/next-routes
npm ERR!     next-routes@"1.4.2" from the root project
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! Fix the upstream dependency conflict, or retry
npm ERR! this command with --force, or --legacy-peer-deps
npm ERR! to accept an incorrect (and potentially broken) dependency resolution.
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