[Gh-539][ParquetEncoding][c++] Add ALPpd encoding to parquet

cpp/src/arrow/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -565,6 +565,12 @@ if(ARROW_WITH_ZSTD)
   list(APPEND ARROW_UTIL_SRCS util/compression_zstd.cc)
 endif()
 
+# ALP (for Parquet encoder/decoder)
+list(APPEND ARROW_UTIL_SRCS
+  util/alp/alp.cc
+  util/alp/alp_sampler.cc
+  util/alp/alp_wrapper.cc)
+
 arrow_add_object_library(ARROW_UTIL ${ARROW_UTIL_SRCS})
 
 # Disable DLL exports in vendored uriparser library

cpp/src/arrow/util/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -103,6 +103,13 @@ add_arrow_test(bit-utility-test
                rle_encoding_test.cc
                test_common.cc)
 
+add_arrow_test(alp-test
+               SOURCES
+               alp/alp_test.cc
+               alp/alp.cc
+               alp/alp_sampler.cc
+               alp/alp_wrapper.cc)
+
 add_arrow_test(crc32-test
                SOURCES
                crc32_test.cc

cpp/src/arrow/util/alp/ALP_Encoding_Specification_terse.md

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# ALP Encoding Specification
+
+**Types:** FLOAT, DOUBLE | **Reference:** [SIGMOD 2024](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626717)
+
+---
+
+## 1. Layout
+
+```
+[Page Header (8B)] [Vector 1] [Vector 2] ... [Vector N]
+```
+
+### Page Header (8 bytes)
+
+| Offset | Field | Size | Value |
+|--------|-------|------|-------|
+| 0 | version | 1B | 1 |
+| 1 | mode | 1B | 0 (ALP) |
+| 2 | layout | 1B | 0 (normal) |
+| 3 | reserved | 1B | 0 |
+| 4 | vector_size | 4B | 1024 |
+
+### Vector
+
+```
+[VectorInfo (24B)] [PackedValues] [ExceptionPos] [ExceptionVals]
+```
+
+### VectorInfo (24 bytes)
+
+| Offset | Field | Size | Type |
+|--------|-------|------|------|
+| 0 | frame_of_reference | 8B | uint64 |
+| 8 | exponent | 1B | uint8, 0..18 |
+| 9 | factor | 1B | uint8, 0..e |
+| 10 | bit_width | 1B | uint8, 0..64 |
+| 11 | reserved | 1B | - |
+| 12 | num_elements | 2B | uint16, <=1024 |
+| 14 | num_exceptions | 2B | uint16 |
+| 16 | bit_packed_size | 2B | uint16 |
+| 18 | padding | 6B | - |
+
+### Data Sections
+
+| Section | Size |
+|---------|------|
+| PackedValues | `bit_packed_size` |
+| ExceptionPos | `num_exceptions * 2` |
+| ExceptionVals | `num_exceptions * sizeof(T)` |
+
+---
+
+## 2. Encoding
+
+### Formula
+
+```
+encoded[i] = round(value[i] * 10^e * 10^-f)
+```
+
+Where:
+- `e` = exponent (0..10 for float, 0..18 for double)
+- `f` = factor (0..e)
+- `round(n) = int(n + M) - M` where M = 2^22+2^23 (float) or 2^51+2^52 (double)
+
+### Exception Detection
+
+```
+exception if: decode(encode(v)) != v
+            | isnan(v) | isinf(v) | v == -0.0
+            | v > MAX_INT | v < MIN_INT
+```
+
+### Frame of Reference (FOR)
+
+```
+FOR = min(encoded[])
+delta[i] = encoded[i] - FOR
+```
+
+### Bit Packing
+
+```
+bit_width = ceil(log2(max(delta) + 1))
+bit_packed_size = ceil(num_elements * bit_width / 8)
+```
+
+If `max(delta) == 0`: `bit_width = 0`, no packed data.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Decoding
+
+```
+delta[i]   = unpack(packed, bit_width)
+encoded[i] = delta[i] + FOR
+value[i]   = encoded[i] * 10^-f * 10^-e
+value[exception_pos[j]] = exception_val[j]  // patch
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Examples
+
+### Example 1: No Exceptions
+
+**Input:** `[1.23, 4.56, 7.89, 0.12]` (float)
+
+| Step | Computation | Result |
+|------|-------------|--------|
+| e=2, f=0 | `v * 100` | `[123, 456, 789, 12]` |
+| FOR | `min = 12` | `delta = [111, 444, 777, 0]` |
+| bit_width | `ceil(log2(778))` | 10 |
+| packed_size | `ceil(4*10/8)` | 5B |
+
+**Output:** 24B (info) + 5B (packed) = **29B**
+
+### Example 2: With Exceptions
+
+**Input:** `[1.5, NaN, 2.5, 0.333...]` (float)
+
+| Step | Result |
+|------|--------|
+| e=1, f=0 | `[15, -, 25, 3]` |
+| Exceptions | pos=[1,3], vals=[NaN, 0.333...] |
+| Placeholders | `[15, 15, 25, 15]` |
+| FOR=15 | `delta = [0, 0, 10, 0]` |
+| bit_width=4 | packed_size = 2B |
+
+**Output:** 24B + 2B + 4B + 8B = **38B**
+
+### Example 3: 1024 Monetary Values ($0.01-$999.99)
+
+| Metric | Value |
+|--------|-------|
+| e=2, f=0 | range: 1..99999 |
+| bit_width | ceil(log2(99999)) = 17 |
+| packed_size | ceil(1024*17/8) = 2176B |
+| **Total** | ~2200B vs 4096B PLAIN (**46% smaller**) |
+
+---
+
+## 5. Constants
+
+| Constant | Value |
+|----------|-------|
+| Vector size | 1024 |
+| Version | 1 |
+| Max combinations | 5 |
+| Samples/vector | 256 |
+| Float max_e | 10 |
+| Double max_e | 18 |
+
+---
+
+## 6. Size Formulas
+
+**Per vector:**
+```
+size = 24 + ceil(n * bw / 8) + exc * (2 + sizeof(T))
+```
+
+**Max compressed size:**
+```
+max = 8 + ceil(n/1024) * 24 + n * sizeof(T) * 2 + n * 2
+```
+
+---
+
+## 7. Comparison
+
+| Encoding | Compression | Best For |
+|----------|-------------|----------|
+| PLAIN | 1.0x | - |
+| BYTE_STREAM_SPLIT | ~0.8x | random floats |
+| ALP | ~0.5x | decimal floats |
+
+---
+
+## Appendix: Byte Layout
+
+```
+Offset  Field
+------  -----
+0-7     frame_of_reference
+8       exponent
+9       factor
+10      bit_width
+11      reserved
+12-13   num_elements
+14-15   num_exceptions
+16-17   bit_packed_size
+18-23   padding
+24      packed_values[bit_packed_size]
+24+P    exception_pos[num_exceptions]
+24+P+2E exception_vals[num_exceptions]
+```
+
+Where `P = bit_packed_size`, `E = num_exceptions`