Fix delta overflow

[AliceRoselia]

bench: 2785713

Reapply "Adjustment of the aspiration window after fail high/low."

This reverts commit fc54d87.

But with delta overflow fixed.

The bench is the same as the original pre-revert version, suggesting no functional change except for the delta overflow fix. The code adds a very minimal cost to a negligible path, so no significant slowdown either. With these in mind, this fix should be safe to merge.

[github-actions]

clang-format 20 needs to be run on this PR.
If you do not have clang-format installed, the maintainer will run it when merging.
For the exact version please see https://packages.ubuntu.com/plucky/clang-format-20.

(execution 17881268418 / attempt 1)

[vondele]

I would prefer to leave it to the original author to come up with a new version. However, it is important we understand what is going on.

[AliceRoselia]

Could somebody test this version to see if the issues are still present? If not, then I think merging is warranted because the original patch was a gainer.

[Lancali]

I can test this version to see if the issues are still present, but as explained in #6296, it is difficult to reproduce.

Likely caused by multithreading, so difficult to reproduce.

If there is a position where the issue can be reproduced with a single thread, I would be happy to do so.