Implement negative US carbon prices in the NPI2025 from 2030 on to represent fossil-friendly politics

[fschreyer]

Purpose of this PR

This addresses https://github.com/remindmodel/development_issues/issues/795.

It assumes a carbon price of -5$/tCo2 in the NPI2025 from 2030 onwards in the US reflecting current politics.

Fyi @tabeado, I needed to slightly amend the net-negative emissions tax to only take non-negative carbon prices as it would otherwise generate infinite subsidies via increasing v21_emiAllco2neg_slack.

Type of change

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Parts concerned

• ☑️ GAMS Code
• ◻️ R-scripts
• ◻️ Documentation (GAMS incode documentation, comments, tutorials)
• ◻️ Input data / CES parameters
• ◻️ Tests, CI/CD (continuous integration/deployment)
• ◻️ Configuration (switches in main.gms, default.cfg, and scenario_config*.csv files)
• ◻️ Other (please give a description)

Impact

• ◻️ Bug fix
• ◻️ Refactoring
• ◻️ New feature
• ◻️ Change of parameter values or input data (including CES parameters)
• ☑️ Minor change (default scenarios show only small differences)
• ◻️ Fundamental change of results of default scenarios

Checklist

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In the end all checkboxes must be ticked before you can merge.

• I executed the automated model tests (make test) after my final commit and all tests pass (FAIL 0)
• I adjusted the reporting in remind2 if and where it was needed
• I adjusted the madrat packages (mrremind and other packages involved) for input data generation if and where it was needed
• My code follows the coding etiquette
• I explained my changes within the PR, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I checked that the in-code documentation is up-to-date
• I adjusted forbiddenColumnNames in readCheckScenarioConfig.R in case the PR leads to deprecated switches
• I updated the CHANGELOG.md correctly (added, changed, fixed, removed, input data/calibration)

Further information (optional)

• Runs with these changes are here:
• Comparison of results (what changes by this PR?):

/p/tmp/schreyer/Modeling/remind/Current/compScen-NPI_NegCO2Price_Calib_Def-2026-07-28_10.46.45-H12-to2050.pdf
/p/tmp/schreyer/Modeling/remind/Current/compScen-NPI_NegCO2Price_Calib_Def-2026-07-28_10.46.45-H12.pdf